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2I.TheencodingofcontextII.TypesandpropertiesofdeixisIII.DefinitionofreferenceContents3Pleasenoticethosesentencese.g.I’llbehereagaininhalfanhour.e.g.保质期三个月。e.g.这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。4I.TheencodingofcontextAgeneralunderstanding：Somephysicalenvironmentorsetting(mainlyincludingtemporal-spatialdimensions)inwhichweproduceorcomprehendutterancese.g.这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。5Anothergeneralunderstanding:Someinvisiblesocialormentalfactors,especiallysocialdistance,powerrelations,encyclopedicknowledgeandexpectations,thataffecttheproductionorcomprehensionofcertainutterances•Tang：doyouknowNanjingwell?•Wang:IhaveneverbeentoJiangsu.6Stillageneralunderstanding:Theprecedingutterance(s)and/orthefollowingone(s)whichmayformthelinguisticcontextorco-text•E.g.Iambusynow.Ican’tgooutwithyou.•Shakespearetakesupthewholebottomshelf.7Allshareabasicconception:Contextissomethingexternalinthesensethatitisnotanintegralpartofthelanguagetobeinterpreted.8II.Typesandpropertiesofdeixis:1.Thestudyofdeixis:(1）thefirstareaofstudyinlinguisticpragmatics（2)In1954,theIsraeliphilosopherYehoshuaBar-Hillel(巴尔-希勒尔)wroteanarticleentitledIndexicalExpressions.（3）oneofthecentraltopicsinpragmatics.92.Thedefinitionofdeixis:Deixis(ordeicticorindexicalexpressions):Greekwordmeaning“pointingto”or“pickingout”Theyderivepartoftheirmeaningfromtheircontextofutterance.Theirreferentsareidentifiableonlyinthecontextconcerned.103.Deicticitems1.Pronouns2.Demonstratives(指示形容词）3.Timeandplaceadverbs.4.Somegrammaticalcategories,suchastense.114.Propertiesofdeixis(1)Deicticexpressionscanbeusedgesturally.e.g.Putthepianohere,no,nothere,buthere.12(2)Deicticexpressionscanbeusedsymbolically.e.g.Youcancomewithmeifyoulike.13(3)Deixisischaracterizedbyegocentricity.Deicticexpressionsareanchoredtospecificpointsinthecommunicativeevent.Thesepointsarecalleddeicticcenters.14Deicticcenters:(1)Thecenterpersonisthespeaker.(2)Thecentertimeisthetimeatwhichthespeakerproducestheutterance.(3）Thecenterplaceisthespeaker’slocationatutterancetime.15(4)Thesocialcenteristhespeaker’ssocialstatusandrank,towhichthestatusorrankofaddresseesisrelative.（5)Thediscoursecenteristhepointwhichthespeakeriscurrentlyatintheproductionofanutterance.学生：A病了，不能去上课，他让我帮他请个假。教授：好了，我知道了，那么你是谁？学生：这是我的室友。17(1)Persondeixis（人称指示）(2)Spatialdeixis（地点指示）(3)Temporaldeixis（时间指示）(4)Socialdeixis（社会指示）(5)Discoursedeixis（语篇指示）5.Thetypesofdeixis(1)PersondeixisPersondeixis,mainlyrealizedbypersonalpronouns,relatestotheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventinwhichtheutteranceinquestionisdelivered.19Classification•Basedontheparticipantrole：•1stperson:thespeaker(I,we)•2stperson:thehearer(you)•3stperson:thethirdparty(neitherthespeakernorthehearer)（he,she,they)•Basedonthenumberofparticipant：•Singularandplural20Thefirstperson•Teachertostudents:wewillhaveabreakafterthediscussion.(inclusiveaddresserandaddressee)•AtoB:wearegoingtothepartytomorrow,doyouwanttogowithus?(exclusiveofaddressee)•Teachertostudents:canwebequiet?(exclusiveofaddresser)21•Let’sgotothecinema.(us)•Let’sgiveyouahand.(me)•通俗口语中“我们”，“咱们”在汉语中可表示单数。•Pleasecitesomeexamples.22Thesecondperson1.You(singularplural)2.Youvacuumthefloorwhileyouwashthedishes,andyoucleanthetable.(differentperson)3.InoralEnglishyou=oneYouneverknowwhatyoucandotillyoutry.You/onecannotlosewhatyou/oneneverhad.23Thethirdperson•Telephone,internet,etc•Thisis…（notusedinChinese)•InChinesecanyougiveussomeexamplesofusingthethirdpersonasthefirstandsecondone?24(2)Spatialdeixis•Spatialdeixisconcernstheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationoftheparticipantsinthespeechevent.•Puredeicticwords(here,there)•Demonstrative(this,that)•Locations(thisroom,thiscity)25•(3)Temporaldeixis•Temporaldeixisconcernstheencodingoftemporalpointsandspansrelativetothetimeatwhichanutteranceisspoken.•Preemptiveusage:Deicticexpressionspriortonon-deicticexpressions•I’mgoingtovisitNanjingtomorrow.(nottheexactdate“onJuly20”)26(4)SocialdeixisDefinition:Socialdeixisconcernstheuseofdeictictermsthatindicatesocialstatusoftheparticipantsinthediscourseandtheirrelations.27秉宽：二老太太吉祥，七爷吉祥，王总管吉祥！白文氏：秉宽，你跟着老七到这边来了？选自《大宅门》第28集28Features:Languagesdifferconsiderablyintheemploymentofsocialdeixis.Forinstance,French,German,andChinesedistinguishbetweendeferentsecond-personpronouns(“Vous”,“Sie”,“您”)andfamiliarsecond-personpronouns(“tu”,“du”,“你”)ModernEnglish,however,doesnot.29Intheimperialagesofchina,acomplexsystemofhonorificsusedtobeatworktomarksocialdistinctionsofallkinds.SuchasystemretainsvitalityinJapanesetoday.(何自然p55)谦称:愚，小生，臣，鄙人，下官等。尊称：阁下，君，卿，先生，公等。30(5)discoursedeixisDefinition:Discoursedeixis,alsocalled“textualdeixis”,concernstheuseofsomeexpressionsthatencodereferencetoacertainportionoftheunfoldingdiscoursecontainingthecurrentutterance(whichincludesthetext-referringexpression).31Deicticwords:InEnglish:earlier,later,thepreceding…,thefollowing…,thenext,thelast,theformer,thelater,above,below,this,thatandsoon.汉语:前者与后者，前面那个与后面那个，上次与下次，上文与下文，上面一段与下面一段，原来那句话，下一章节等。32.e.g.Wehavetalkedabouttheproblems;nextwehaveadiscussionaboutthewaystosolvethem.e.g.Asshownby“inthelastchapter’’33Temporal-andspatia