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Theunitofthesignalvariablesisalwaysnull.Thisdimensionlessunithasthemainadvantagetobecompatiblewillallotherunits.Itisthenpossibletoconnectanullsignaltoasubmodelrequiringavariablehavingaphysicalunit,likebarorm/s.Notethatissuchcase,thesignalisdirectlytransferredwithoutanyunitconversion.信号变量的单位总是“空”。这个无因次单位的主要优势都将其他单位兼容。然后可以将一个空的信号连接到子模型需要一个变量物理单位,比如bar或者m/s。注意,这种情况下,没有任何单位转换信号直接传输Evenonblockssendingvariablescorrespondingtotime,likeCLOC0,theoutputvariablehasanullunit.即使在块发送变量对应于时间,像CLOC0,输出变量有一个空单元。Figure1:CLOC0submodeloutputvariable3.Sources,SinksThissubcategorycontainsthesignalsourcesandsignalsinks.Thesourcecomponentsdonotdependonanyotherinputthantime,andproducesimpleorcomplexsignals.Mostsourceiconsconsistofacirclecontainingthetypeofsignaltobedelivered.3。源、汇这个子目录包含信号和信号接收来源。源组件不依赖于任何其他比时间输入,并产生简单的或复杂的信号。大多数源图标由一圈包含信号传递的类型。Signalscanbeeithercontinuous(sinewave...)ordiscrete(squarewave...).NotethatsomesourceslikethesinewaveSIN0usetoreduceautomaticallythemaximumtimestepofthesolver.Forinstance,SIN0reducesittoT/4withTtheperiodofthesinewave.Usingsuchasourceinamodelmaythenhaveaninfluenceonthebehaviourofthesimulation.Mostsubmodelsalteringthemaximumtimestepindicatethechangebyawarningmessage.Somesourcecomponentscontainsomeinputports.Theseallowsomevariablecharacteristicsofthesignalgeneratedbythesource.Forinstance,asinewavewithvariablefrequency.信号可以是连续的(正弦波…)或离散(方波……)。注意,一些来源如正弦波SIN0使用减少自动解算器的最大时间步。例如,SIN0减少它4T/T的正弦波。在模型中使用这样的来源可能会有影响的行为模拟。大多数子改变的最大时间步表明变化的警告消息。一些源组件包含一些输入端口。这些允许一些变量的特点生成的信号来源。例如,一个正弦波变频。Figure3:sourcecomponenthavinganinputportThesinksareusedtoterminatesignallines.SomesinkscanplayanimportantrolelikeSTOP0whichterminatesthesimulationundercertainconditionsorSIGWRITE0andSIGWRITE1thatwritethevalueoftheinputsignaltoanexternalASCIIfile.行汇用于终止信号。一些水槽可以发挥重要的作用像STOP0终止模拟在一定条件下或SIGWRITE0SIGWRITE1,输入信号的值写入外部ASCII文件。Figure4:signalsinks4.MathsTheMathssubcategorycontainscomponentsperformingsimplemathematicaloperations.Thesearecompatiblewithcontinuousanddiscretesignals.4。数学数学子类别包含组件执行简单的数学操作。这些都是与连续和离散信号兼容。Figure5:listofcomponentsallowingmathematicaloperationsSimpleoperationsareaddition,subtraction,multiplication(s),division…canbedonebystandardcomponents,buthavealsodynamicblockequivalents,thatcanbeappliedonmultiplexedsignals.简单的操作是加法,减法,乘法,除法…可以通过标准组件,但动态区块的等价物,也可以应用于多路信号。Figure6:iconsofvariablegainandmultiplicationblocksThedifferencebetweenthevariablegainandthemultiplicationblockresidesintheconstraintsappliedtothegainbythevariablegain:theseconstraintsaresetbytheuserinparametersmodeandlimitthemultiplicationfactor.Suchalimitationdoesnotexistinthemultiplicationcomponent.Morecomplexoperationslikecomputingthemeanvalueorconstantmovingaveragerequireinternalstatevariables.可变增益之间的差异和乘法块位于约束应用于获得的可变增益:这些约束用户设定的参数模式和限制倍增系数。这种限制并不存在于乘法组件。更复杂的操作,比如计算平均值或不断移动平均需要内部状态变量。5.ContinuousThissubcategorycontainsthecomponentshandlingcontinuous-timestatevariables.Thesedealwithanalogsignalprocessingandcanbeusedtomodelanalogelectronicsystems.5。连续这个子目录包含的组件处理连续时间状态变量。这些处理模拟信号的处理,可以用来模拟电子系统模型。Figure7:signalcontinuouscomponentsTheirmaincharacteristiccomesfromtheiriconreproducingtheirLaplacerepresentation.Forinstance,theintegratorisrepresentedbyk/sicon.他们的主要特点是从图标复制拉普拉斯表示。例如,积分器是由“k/s”图标表示。Figure8:continuoustimeintegratorThemostgeneralblocksaretheintegrator,differentiator,statespaceformulation,andtransferfunction.Theseareusedtorepresentsystemsofdifferentialequations.Thefirstorderandsecondorderlagscorrespondtoparticularformsoftransferfunctionscommonlyusedincontroldesign.Thestatespaceblockallowsthedefinitionofasysteminstatespaceform:最一般的块积分器、微分器状态空间配方和传递函数。这些都是用来表示系统的微分方程。一阶和二阶滞后对应于特定形式的转移函数常用的控制设计。状态空间块允许系统在状态空间形式的定义:X'=A.X+B.UY=C.X+D.UThecontinuousdelayinsertsatimedelaybetweenitsinputandoutputsignals.Usingastandardtimedelaycanperturbthelinearizationprocesssincethelinkbetweentheinputandtheoutputsignalsisnotdirect.Tocopewithsuchaproblem,delaysubmodelsusingPadéapproximantshavebeencreated,consistingofatransferfunction.ThePIDisthemaincontrollercomponent.Itiscommonlyusedincontrolloopsystems.Thechapter12describessomemethodsfortuningthePIDparameters.连续延迟插入其输入和输出信号之间的时间延迟。使用标准时间延迟扰动线性化过程从输入和输出信号之间的关系并不是直接的。应对这样的问题,延迟子使用Padeapproximants已经创建,由传递函数。PID控制器是主要的组件。它一般用于控制回路系统。第十二章描述了一些优化PID参数的方法。6.DiscreteThissubcategorycontainsthecomponentsdealingwithdiscretetimesignalprocessing.Thesignalsaresampledintimebutnotinmagnitude.Theseareafirststepinthemodellingofdigitalcontrolsystems.TheZtransformisusedoniconstorepresentthebehaviourofeachcomponent.Thediscretecomponentsaresummarizedinthefollowingpicture.6。离散这个子目录包含的组件处理离散时间信号处理。信号采样的时间,但不是在级。这是一个数字控制系统的建模的第一步。Z变换使用图标来表示每个组件的行为。总结了离散组件下面的图片。Figure9:listofdiscretecomponentsNotethatdiscretesignalsarenotpurelydiscrete,butareextendedtothewholetimedomainundertheformofconstantsteps.Thefollowingfigureshowsthedifferencebetweenapurediscretesignal(ontheleft)validonlyondiscretepoints,anditsextensiontoasignal(ontheright)thatisdefinedonthewholetimeinterval.注意,离散信号不是“纯粹的离散”,但扩展到整个时间域的形式下不断的步骤。下图显示了纯粹的离散信号的区别(左边)有效只有在离散点,及其扩展信号(右边)定义在整