MicrobiologyofWaterTreatmentContentsSectionA–ThemicrobialworldSectionB–MicrobialmetabolismSectionC–InformationstorageandtransferSectionD–BacterialstructureandfunctionSectionE–BacterialgeneticsSectionF–BacteriaandArchaeaintheenvironmentSectionG–Eukaryoticmicrobes,anoverviewSectionH–ThefungiandrelatedphylaSectionI–TheChlorophytaandProtistaSectionJ–Theviruses补充1:环境因素对微生物生长的影响补充2:微生物在自然环境中的作用补充3.环境微生物污染、监测及控制补充4:微生物在废水处理中的应用微生物实验:6个A1TheMicrobialworldSectionATheMicrobialworldObjectives1.Whatisamicrobe(微生物)?2.Prokaryotes(原核生物)andeukaryotes(真核生物)3.Theimportanceofmicrobiology(微生物学)MicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesNatureofcellViruses0.01~0.25㎛Acellular(非细胞的)Bacteria0.1~750㎛Prokaryote(原核细胞)Fungi2㎛~1mEukaryote(真核细胞)Protista2~1000㎛Eukaryote1.Whatisamicrobe?1.1Microbe:Microbeisusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthat,normally,itcannotbeseenwithouttheaidofamicroscope.1.2thecategory:Viruses(病毒),Bacteria(细菌),Archaea(古细菌),fungi(真菌)andprotista(原生生物)1.3TheirsizesandcelltypeRelativesizesofcellsandtheircomponents1.Whatisamicrobe?1.4BiologicalClassificationThebiologicalclassificationsystemthatwestilluseforplantsandanimals,isrelativelyminormodified,forfungiandmicroorganisms.Itisasystemthatstartswithafewcategoriesatthehighestlevel,andfurthersub-dividesthemateachlowerlevel.ThelevelsweregivennamesthatarealreadyfamiliartoyouKingdom(界)Phylum(门)Class(纲)Order(目)Family(科)Genus(属)Species(种)1.Whatisamicrobe?1.5MicrobialClassificationViruskingdom——VirusProkaryotekingdomFungikingdomProtogeneeukaryotekingdomBacteriaphylumBluealgaephylum——Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌)Bacteria(细菌)Actinomyceto(放线菌)Mold(霉菌)Yeast(酵母菌)Algae(藻类)protozoa(原生动物)1.Whatisamicrobe?1.5Microbialnomenclature(命名法)——binomialspeciesnameForexample:StaphylococcusaureusRosenbachStaphylococcus(属名)葡萄球菌aureus(种名)金黄色的Rosenbach(命名人)Forexample:EscherichiacoliEscherichEscherichia(埃希氏杆菌属)coli(大肠菌,原意是从结肠colon分离出来的)Escherich(最早分离人)2.ProkaryotesandeukaryotesThefirstcellBacteriaArchaeaEukarya2.Prokaryotesandeukaryotes原核生物真核生物遗传物质和复制的组装:1.DNA在细胞中游离;2.只有一个染色体;3.DNA与类组蛋白连系;4.含有染色体外的遗传物质,称为质粒;5.在mRNA中没有发现内含子;6.细胞二等分分裂,只有无性繁殖;7.遗传信息可以通过接合、转导、转化发生。遗传物质和复制的组装:1.DNA在膜包围的核中,只有一个核仁;2.多于一个染色体,每个染色体是双拷贝3.DNA与组蛋白连系;4.只在酵母中发现质粒;5.所有基因中都发现内含子;6.细胞分裂为有丝分裂;7.遗传信息交换发生在有性繁殖过程,减数分裂导致产生单倍体细胞,它们能融合。原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别(一)2.Prokaryotesandeukaryotes原核生物真核生物细胞的组装:1.质膜含有hopanoids、脂多糖和磷壁酸;2.能量代谢与细胞质膜连系;3.光合作用一细胞质中的膜系统和泡囊联系;4.由一根蛋白鞭毛丝构成鞭毛;5.核糖体——70s;6.肽聚糖的细胞壁(只有真细菌有,古细菌中是不同的多聚体。细胞的组装:1.质膜含有固醇;2.多数情况下在线粒体中发生;3.藻类和植物细胞中存在叶绿体…4.鞭毛有9+2微管排列的复杂结构5.核糖体——80s(线粒体和叶绿体中的核糖体是70s)6.多糖的细胞壁,一般是纤维素或者几丁质。原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别(二)2.ProkaryotesandeukaryotesPropertyProkayoticEukaryoticSizeSmallLargerNucleusNoYesDNAOne-small,circularSeveral-large,linearOrganellesFewornoneManyCellwallYesYes–plantsNo–animalsCellularOrganizationMainlyUnicellularMulti-cellulardifferentiationThemajordifferencesbetweenprokaryotesandeukaryotesTheseMicrobes?Prokaryotes:Bacteria,Archaea,ActinomycetoEukaryotes:Fungi,Algae,ProtozoaAcellular:VirusesForexample1:ProkaryotesBacteriaForexample1:ProkaryotesBacteriaandIt’sFlagellaForexample1:ProkaryotesE.coliForexample1:ProkaryotesAgeneralbacteriumForexample1:ProkaryotesArcheabacteriaForexample2:Eukaryotes(Protozoa)ProtozoaForexample2:Eukaryotes(Protozoa)ProtozoaForexample2:Eukaryotes(Protozoa)Microscopic,single-celledanimals,morecomplexandlargerthanbacteria–10000-15000nm–eucaryotic(DNAinnucleuswithincell)–MostnotpathogenicMostaremotile.Aquaticwithanimal-likecharacteristicsIngestorganicmatterfornutrients.Forexample2:Eukaryotes(Algae)Forexample2:Eukaryotes(Fungi)Verydiversegroupofeukaryotes.YeastsareunicellularandsphericalForexample2:EukaryotesEukaryoticCellForexample3:AcellularvirusesForexample3:AcellularvirusesForexample3:AcellularvirusesConsistofnucleicacidandprotein.Intracellularparasites–verysmall(20-100nm),verysimple–notcomposedofcells–Needtoinfecthostcellstoreplicate3.TheimportanceofmicrobiologyEnvironmentMedicineAgricultureFoodBiotechnologyresearchForexample:Environment1676年荷兰人列文虎克用自磨镜片,制造了一架能放大266倍的原始显微镜检查了污水、齿垢、粪便等,发现了许多肉眼看不见的微小生物,正确描述了微生物的形态有球形、杆状和螺旋形,为微生物的存在提供了科学依据。(LouisPasteur,1822~1895)首先实验证明有机物发酵和腐败是由微生物引起,而酒类变质是因污染了杂菌所致,而非自然发生。自此,微生物学成为一门独立学科。(RobertKoch,1843~1910)创用固体培养基,使有可能将细菌从环境或病人排泄物等标本中分离成为纯培养,利于对各种细菌的特性分别研究。他还创用了染色方法和实验动物感染,为发现多种传染病的病原菌提供实验手段。科赫法则:1.特殊的病原菌应在同一疾病中查见,在健康人中不存在;2.该病原菌能被分离培养得纯种;3.该纯培养物接种至易感动物,能产生同样病症;4.自人工感染的实验动物体内能重新分离得该病原菌纯培养。ExerciseAnswerthesequestions:1.Iswhatamicroorganism?Whichdoesmicroorganismincludemaingroups?2.Whichdifferentiationsdoestheeukaryoteshavewithprokaryotes?