Chapter3ComputerNetwork

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ComputerEnglishChapter3ComputerNetwork第三章计算机网络ComputerEnglishLessonOneCategoriesofNetworks第一课网络类型InputandOutputDevicesKeywordscomputernetworks计算机网络distributedsystem分布式系统networkn.网络ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交换teleconferencingn.电信会议broadcastnetworks广播式网络point-to-pointnetworks点到点网络broadcastingn.广播multicastingn.多点播送LocalAreaNetworks(LAN)局域网MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)城域网WideAreaNetwork(WAN)广域网Internetworkn.互联网CategoriesofNetworksThereisnogenerallyacceptertaxonomyintowhichallcomputernetworksfit,buttwodimensionsstandoutasimportant:transmissiontechnologyandscale.Wewillnowexamineeachoftheseinturn.Broadlyspeaking,therearetwotypesoftransmissiontechnology:(1)Broadcastnetworks;(2)Point-to-pointnetworks.不存在被普遍接受的所有计算机网络都适用的分类法,但是有两个标准很重要:传输技术和规模。下面我们分别进行讨论。从广义上讲,有两种类型的传输技术:(1)广播式网络(2)点到点网络CategoriesofNetworksBroadcastnetworkshaveasinglecommunicationchannelthatissharedbyallthemachinesonthenetwork.Shortmessages,calledpacketsincertaincontexts,sentbyonemachinearereceivebyalltheothers.Anaddressfieldwithinthepacketspecifiesforwhomitisintended.Uponreceivingapacker,amachinecheckstheaddressfield.Ifthepacketisintendedforitself,itprocessesthepacket;ifthepacketisintendedforsomeothermachine,itisjustignored.广播式网络仅有一条通信信道,由网络上的所有机器共享。短消息,即按某种语法组织的分组或包,可以被任何机器发送并被其他所有的机器接收。分组的地址字段指明此分组应被哪台机器接收。一旦收到分组,各机器将检查它的地址字段。如果是发送给它的,则处理该分组,否则将它丢弃。CategoriesofNetworksBroadcastsystemsgenerallyalsoallowthepossibilityofaddressingapackettoalldestinationsbyusingaspecialcodeintheaddressfield.Whenapacketwiththiscodeistransmitted,itisreceivedandprocessedbyeverymachineonthenetwork.Thismodeofoperationiscalledbroadcasting.Somebroadcastsystemsalsosupporttransmissiontoasubsetofthemachines,somethingknownasmulticasting.广播式网络通常也允许在地址字段中使用一段特殊代码,以便将分组发送到所有目标。使用此代码的分组发出以后,网络上的每一台机器都会接收和处理它。这种操作被称为广播。某些广播系统还支持向机器的一个子集发送的功能,即多点播送。CategoriesofNetworksOnepossibleschemeistoreserveonebittoindicatemulticasting.Theremainingnˉ1addressbitscanholdagroupnumber.Eachmachinecan“subscribe”toanyorallofthegroups.Whenapacketissenttoacertaingroup,itisdeliveredtoallmachinessubscribingtothatgroup.一种常见的方案是保留地址字段的某一位来指示多点播送。而剩下的n-1位地址字段存放组号。每台机器可以注册到任意组或所有的组。当某一分组被发送给某个组时,它被发送到所有注册到该组的机器。CategoriesofNetworksIncontrast,point-to-pointnetworksconsistofmanyconnectionsbetweenindividualpairsofmachinestogofromthesourcetothedestination.Apacketonthisofnetworkmayhavetofirstvisitoneormoreintermediatemachines.Oftenmultipleroutesofdifferentlengthsarepossible,soroutingalgorithmsplayanimportantroleinpoint-to-pointnetworks.Asageneralrule(althoughtherearemanyexceptions),smaller,geographicallylocalizednetworkstendtousebroadcasting,whereaslargernetworksusuallyarepoint-to-point.与之相反,点到点网络由一对对机器之间的多条连接构成。为了能从源到达目的地,这种网络上的分组可能必须通过一台或多台中间机器。通常是多条路径,并且可能长度不一样,因此在点到点网络中路由算法十分重要。一般来讲(当然也有例外),地理上处于本地的小规模网络采用广播方式,而大规模的网络则采用点到点方式。CategoriesofNetworksAnalternativecriterionforclassifyingnetworksistheirscale.Theycanbedividedintolocal,metropolitan,andwideareanetworksbytheirphysicalsize.Finally,theconnectionoftwoormorenetworksiscallaninternetwork.Theworldwideinternetisawell-knownexampleofaninternetwork.另一个网络分类的标准是连接距离。按连接距离它又可分为局域网、城域网和广域网。最后,两个或更多网络的连接被称为互联网。世界范围的因特网就是互联网的著名例子。CategoriesofNetworks1.LocalAreaNetworksLocalareanetworks,generallycalledLANsareprivatelyownednetworkswithinasinglebuildingorcampusofuptoafewkilometersinsize.Theyarewidelyusedtoconnectpersonalcomputersandworkstations.LANsaredistinguishedfromotherkindsofnetworksbythreecharacteristics:(1)theirsize,(2)theirtransmissiontechnology,and(3)theirtopology.1.局域网局域网(1ocalareanetwork),简称LAN,是处于同一建筑、同一大学或方圆几公里地域内的专用网络。局域网常被用于连接公司办公室或工厂里的个人计算机和工作站,以便共享资源(如打印机)和交换信息。LAN区别于其他网络的3个不同特征是:(1)范围,(2)传输技术,(3)拓扑结构。CategoriesofNetworksLANsoftenuseatransmissiontechnologyconsistingofasinglecabletowhichallthemachinesareattached.TraditionalLANsrunatspeedsof10to100Mbps,havelowdelay(tensofmicroseconds)andmakeveryfewerrors.Today,however,speedsareincreasingandcanreachhundredsofmegabits/secwithgigabitsystemsindevelopment.LAN通常使用这样一种传输技术,即用一条电缆连接所有的机器。传统的LAN速度为10Mb/s~100Mb/s,传输延迟低(几十毫秒),并且出错率低。但是现在网络速度不断加快,并且在千兆比特系统中高达每秒数百兆位带宽的局域网正在发展中。CategoriesofNetworksIngeneral,agivenLANwilluseonlyonetypeoftransmissionmedium.VarioustopologiesarepossibleforLANs.ThemostcommonLANtopologiesarebus,ringandstar.Fig.3-1showstwoofthem.通常,一个给定的LAN只采用一种传输媒介。LAN可以有多种拓扑结构。最常见的局域网拓扑是总线型、环型和星型。图3-1给出了其中的两种。CategoriesofNetworksFig.3-1TwoLANsCategoriesofNetworks2.MetropolitanAreaNetworksAmetropolitanareanetwork,orMAN(plural:MANs,notMEN)isbasicallyabiggerversionofaLANandnormallyusessimilartechnology.Itmightcoveragroupofnearbycorporateofficesoracityandmightbeeitherprivateorpublic.AMANcansupportbothdataandvoice,andmightevenberelatedtothelocalcabletelevisionnetwork.2.城域网城域网,或者称MAN,实质上是一种大型的LAN,通常使用与LAN相似的技术。可能覆盖一组邻近的公司办公室和一个城市,既可能是私有的也可能是公用的。MAN可以支持数据和声音,并且可能涉及到当地的有线电视网。CategoriesofNetworksMANisdesignedtoextendoveranentirecity.Itmaybeasinglenetworksuchasacabletelevisionnetwork,oritmaybeameansofconnectinganumberofLANsintoalargernetworksothatresourcesmaybesharedLAN-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