civilrightsmovement独立运动

1.BackgroundTheAfricanblackswerefirstintroducedtotheAmericatobetheslaveswhoworkattheNorthfarmsinordertoremedytheshortageofthelocallabor.Intheory,aftertheEmancipationProclamationissuedbyPresidentAbrahamLincolnonJanuary1,1863,theyalreadyenquiretheliberty.However,infact,becauseofthepovertyandlowereducation,theyhadtoworkforthewhitestosurvive,especiallyaftertheFederalarmylefttheNorththeAfrican-AmericanslosttheshiedofFederalandstillremainedintheracialsegregation.Plessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537(1896),isalandmarkUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisionupholdingtheconstitutionalityofstatelawsrequiringracialsegregationinpublicfacilitiesunderthedoctrineofseparatebutequal.[1]HoweverTheyexecutedthoroughlythesegregationbutneglectthepartofequality.What’smoretheRacialsegregationevenexistedinthefactory,hospital,schoolandarmy.2.AimTheAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovementencompassessocialmovementsintheUnitedStateswhosegoalsweretoendracialsegregationanddiscriminationagainstblackAmericansandtosecurelegalrecognitionandfederalprotectionofthecitizenshiprightscountedintheconstitutionalamendmentsadoptedaftertheCivilWar.Thisarticlecoversthephaseofthemovementbetween1954and1968,particularlyintheSouth.AnAfrican-AmericanmangoesintothecoloredentranceofamovietheaterinBelzoni,Mississippi,1939.AnAfrican-AmericanmandrinkingatacoloreddrinkingfountaininastreetcarterminalinOklahomaCity,1939.在历经58年后，的法律观念才被推翻；1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案，判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育，因此公立学校应该要种族混合。一连串的非裔美国人民权运动也正式开始。3.Figure4.;boycottfollowsandbussegregationordinanceisdeclaredunconstitutional.FederalInterstateCommerceCommissionbanssegregationoninterstatetrainsandbuses.1956--CoalitionofSoutherncongressmencallsformassiveresistancetoSupremeCourtdesegregationrulings.1957--ArkansasGov.OrvalRubususesNationalGuardtoblocknineblackstudentsfromattendingaLittleRockHighSchool;followingacourtorder,PresidentEisenhowersendsinfederaltroopstoensurecompliance.Congressapprovesawatered-downvotingrightsactafterafilibusterbySouthernsenators.1961--FreedomRidesbeginfromWashington,D.C.,intoSouthernstates.1962--PresidentKennedysendsfederaltroopstotheUniversityofMississippitoquellriotssothatJamesMeredith,theschool'sfirstblackstudent,canattend.TheSupremeCourtrulesthatsegregationisunconstitutionalinalltransportationfacilities.TheDepartmentofDefenseordersfullintegrationofmilitaryreserveunits,theNationalGuardexcluded.1963--CivilrightsleaderMedgarEversiskilledbyasniper'sbullet.RaceriotspromptmodifiedmartiallawinCambridge,Maryland.Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.deliversIHaveaDreamspeechtohundredsofthousandsattheMarchonWashington.ChurchbombinginBirmingham,Alabama,leavesfouryoungblackgirlsdead.1964--CongresspassesCivilRightsActdeclaringdiscriminationbasedonraceillegalafter75-daylongfilibuster.ThreecivilrightsworkersdisappearinMississippiafterbeingstoppedforspeeding;foundburiedsixweekslater.RiotsinHarlem,Philadelphia.1965--MarchfromSelmatoMontgomery,Alabama,todemandprotectionforvotingrights;twocivilrightsworkersslainearlierintheyearinSelma.MalcolmXassassinated.RiotinWatts,LosAngeles.Newvotingrightsactsigned.1966--EdwardBrooke,R-Massachusetts,electedfirstblackU.S.senatorin85years.1967--RiotsinDetroit,Newark,NewJersey.ThurgoodMarshallfirstblacktobenamedtotheSupremeCourt.CarlStokes(Cleveland)andRichardG.Hatcher(Gary,Indiana)electedfirstblackmayorsofmajorU.S.cities.1968--MartinLutherKingJr.assassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee;JamesEarlRaylaterconvictedandsentencedto99yearsinprison.PoorPeople'sMarchonWashington--plannedbyKingbeforehisdeath--goeson.RalphDavidAbernathy,Sr.(March11,1926–April17,1990)[1][2]wasaleaderoftheAmericanCivilRightsMovement,aminister,andacloseassociateofMartinLutherKing,Jr.intheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference.FollowingKing'sassassination,Dr.AbernathytookuptheleadershipoftheSCLCPoorPeople'sCampaignandledtheMarchonWashington,D.C.,thathadbeenplannedforMay1968.Allthreemarcheswereattemptstowalkfor54milesalongthehighwayfromSelmatotheAlabamastatecapitolofMontgomery.Thefirstmarch,initiatedanddirectedbytheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference'sDirectorofDirectAction,JamesBevel,wasstrategizedasacounter-measuretorelievethetraumaandescalatingangercausedbythekillingofVotingRightsactivistJimmieLeeJacksonduringanighttimemarchinMarion,Alabama.[1][2]BornJamesLutherBevelOctober19,1936IttaBena,MississippiDiedDecember19,2008(aged72)Springfield,VirginiaOccupationNonviolentscientist,SCLCDirectorofDirectActionKnownforStrategistofthe1960sCivilRightsMovement,SelmaVotingRightsMovement,BirminghamChildren'sCrusade,SelmatoMontgomerymarch,andChicagoOpenHousingMovementThevotingrightsmovementinSelmawaslaunchedbylocalAfrican-AmericanswhoformedtheDallasCountyVotersLeague(DCVL).In1963,theDCVLandorganizersfromtheStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC)beganvoter-registrationwork.Whenwhiteresistancetoblackvoterregistrationprovedintractable,theDCVLrequestedtheassistanceofMartinLutherKing,Jr.andSCLC,whofinallybroughtmanyprominentcivilrightsandcivicleaderstosupporttheSelmaVotingRightsMovementinJanuary,1965.ThefirstmarchtookplaceonMarch7,1965—BloodySun