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组员：曾’s韦’王’sDepressionandHowtoBeatItPara7~Para10ByWangNo.B16-46Howwidespreadisdepression?ReviewDepressioncomesindifferentforms.Whatcausesdepression?Howtobeatit?PartThreeThereareabout15%oftheU.S.populationwillhaveaseriousdepressionatsometimeintheirlivesusuallybeforetheyhittheir40s.Howwidespreadisdepression?½Woman:20%½Man:10%1.Amixofgreaterlifestresses2.SubtledifferencesinbrainchemistryThereasonsofdifferencesprobablyare:Atanygivenmoment,3%ofmenand6%ofwomenaredepressed.Women&MenBaby-boomersandbustersare3~6timesmorelikelytoreportadepressionthansomeonebornattheturnofthecentury.Depressionamongpeoplebornsincethe1940sReasons:1.Successivegenerationshavehigherexpectationsfromlifeandaremorelikelytobedisappointed;2.Familystabilitydiminished.DepressionformsManicdepression躁狂抑郁症Moodsswingfromwildeuphoriatodeepdespair.Chronichypomania慢性轻度躁狂Morelikelytohithighlyintelligentpeople.Before:extraordinaryenergy,remarkablecreativity,atalentforsynthesizingseeminglydisparatebitsofdata.After:depression70%ofthetimeandtowardmaniamostothertimes.DepressionEnvironmentalBiologicalGeneticWhatcausesdepression?Depressionislikelytobecausedbyacomplexcombinationoffactors.HighstresssituationsLossofajobFinancialtroublesDeathofalovedoneorDivorceAllkindsofmajorlifeeventshappensuddenlyorexistforalongtimecausestrongandlastingunpleasantemotionalexperience.EnvironmentalPhysicalchangestothebrain–itisknownthatsomepartofadepressedbrainshowlessactivitythannormalwhenstimulated;somepartsofthebrainevenreduceinvolume.Neurotransmitters(神经递质)–thesechemicalmessengersinthebrainhavebeenimplicatedinthecauseofdepressionsincethe1970s.Acentralnervoussystemdisruptioninserotonin,norepinephrineanddopaminearethoughttobeadirectcauseofdepression.Hormones(荷尔蒙)–hormonechangesmaytriggerdepression.Hormonechangesareseeninthyroidproblems,menopauseandinotherconditions.Withchangesinnoradrenergic,dopaminergicandserotonergicneurotransmitterlevelstheorized.BiologicalNeurotrophinGeneticTheparents,siblings,andchildrenofadepressedpersonarefourtimesmorelikelytogetdepressedthananonrelative.Depressedperson’sidenticaltwinisattentimestherisk.OtherriskfactorsChildhoodtrauma-cancauselong-termbrainchangesaffectingresponsestofearandstress.Otherhistoryalsoraisestherisk,includingasuicideattempt,oranyformofabuse–sexual,physicalorsubstance•Abuseofrecreationaldrugs-includingalcohol,amphetamines-canaccompanydepressionorresultinit.Thereisahighlevelofcomorbiditybetweendrugabuseanddepression.Someprescriptiondrugs-includingcorticosteroids,somebeta-blockers,interferon,andreserpine-canleadtodepression.PregnancyUpto15%ofwomenexperiencepostpartumdepression.Somemenalsoshowpostnataldepression.WomenvsMenMenopause更年期Thechangesinhormonesarethoughttobeacauseofdepressioninwomen.MedicationTreatmentPsychologicalTreatmentPhysicalTreatmentSelfTreatmentTreatmentsTricyclicantidepressants(TCAs)三环抗忧郁药Monoamineoxidaseinhibitors(MAOIs)单胺氧化酶Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs)选择性血清素再吸收抑制剂Serotoninandnorepinephrinereuptakeinhibitors(SNRIs)血清素及正肾上腺素再吸收抑制剂AntidepressantstoTreatDepressionCognitivebehaviourtherapy(CBT)认知行为治疗•CBTrecognisesthataperson'swayofthinking(cognition)andacting(behaviour)affectsthewaytheyfeel.Interpersonaltherapy(IPT)人际心理治疗•IPTisfocusesonproblemsinpersonalrelationshipsandtheskillsrequiredtodealwiththeseproblems.Behaviourtherapy行为治疗•Behaviourtherapyfocusesexclusivelyonincreasingaperson'slevelofactivityandpleasureintheirlife.Mindfulnessbasedcognitivetherapy(MBCT)正念认知行为治疗•MBCTisgenerallydeliveredingroupsandinvolveslearningatypeofmeditationcalled'mindfulnessmeditation'.Psychologicaltreatments•Physicaltherapygivesappropriatenon-drugtherapytothehumanbodytodealwiththepatients’painthroughthenatureofthephysicalfactors.•Magneticfieldtherapy(磁场疗法)•Alternativetherapy(替代性疗法)•Experimentaltherapy(实验疗法)•Reflexology(反射疗法)•Exercisetherapy(运动疗法)•Electroconvulsivetherapy(电痉挛疗法)•Luminoustherapy(光疗),etc.PhysicalTreatmentSetARealisticScheduleForYourselfParticipateInActivitiesAndExpandCommunicationReadBooksSelfTreatmentVitaminsandsupplementsRelaxationtechniques•Tryyoga,deepbreathing,progressivemusclerelaxation,ormeditation.Acupuncture针灸ComplementarytreatmentsExerciseNutritionSleepSocialsupportStressreductionLifestylechangesLearnasmuchasyoucanaboutyourdepressionIttakestimetofindtherighttreatmentDon’trelyonmedicationsaloneGetsocialsupportTreatmenttakestimeandcommitmentDepressiontreatmenttips:THANKYOU!Depressionandhowtobeatit