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第52卷第12期2007年6月评述1372*HeinzCSchröder(InstituteofPhysiologicalChemistry,UniversityofMainz,Duesbergweg6,D-55099Mainz,Germany;,,100037;,100871;,100037.*,E-mail:wangxh0408@yahoo.com.cn),.,;,.,.2007-04-03,2007-05-10(:50402023)“CenterofExcellenceBIOTECmarin”,18()[1],,Spencer[2]().100,,[3~6].,,[7,8],[9~12],Urmetazoa[13].“”[14].,,[15].,,:(Demospongiae)(Hexactinellida)(Calcarea).(Spicule).,,[16,17].,[18].:(1),;(2);(3);(4).11.12080,:Steiner[19],;Xiao[20],;,;Wu[21];Gehling[22]560MaPalaeophragmodictyareticulata;Mostler[23],Sardospongiatriradiata,评述第52卷第12期2007年6月[24].,(ca.530Ma),.GravestockiapharetronensisPharetronida[24].(Spongillagutenbergiana)(,49.0~41.3Ma),[25].,.575Ma,/[26],,[27~30].,.1.2,,.:()-:,.Pfeifer[7]G.cydonium-,Pancer[31]G.cydonium-.,Blumbach[32]G.cydonium,14,,C-.Wilson-,--[25,33].,[34].()-:,-.Ephydatiamuelleri[35],S.domuncula[36].,,,.(1-TMR),Müller[37]G.cydonium.,-.(7-TMR)/G.cydonium[38].,,[39].():,,,.T,Brachyury.T,,[40].():.,3:Lim.,,:(a)EphydatiafluviatilisPax-2/5/8,[41];(b)S.domunculacDNALim,Lim[42].():Wnt,.FzWnt.,S.domun-culaFz[43].():S.domuncula,(MAGI)[40].,S.domuncula,[33].,aa.1.3.,[44].第52卷第12期2007年6月评述1374“”[45].(542Ma),,,(1000~550Ma),“”[46].1.,750Ma[47],,,650∼665Ma[48].,Sturtian(710~680Ma)Marinoan(635Ma)[49].,[50,51],,,[52],.,,“”,[50].:(1)(-70),;(2),[53~55][56],,;(3),(6-4)[57]DNA[58].1评述第52卷第12期2007年6月()2.1.,.,.[59].,.,.1μm(2(a)),[60].,(2(b),(c)).SiO26%~13%,(SiO2)2-5·H2O[61].S,Al,KCa,Cl,Fe,Na,ZnCu[62~64].,,[65].,75%[66].Morse[64,67],3α,βγ.,αcDNAL,.,Tethyaaurantiumαβ[67,68].,(S.domunculaL.baicalensis)[69,70].HF,[66].S.domuncula,cDNA,330,Mr=36306Da(1Da=1.6605410−27kg).[52,67,71],,:Cys125,His164Asn184.,.,.S2(a)SuberitesdomunculaSEM,SEM,;(b)Lubomirskiabaicalensis;(c)SEM第52卷第12期2007年6月评述1376()α,(Tyr/Phe).2.2.,3:(1);(2);(3).().Na+/HCO3−[Si(OH)4].,,(3(a)).,.,();().,,.()().,.[72].Ca2+,,(3(b)).,,/().()..,(3(b)(c)).:,/(3(c)).,,,.3,[73]..,(4).,[68][73].,.3.11:.-(,),(),.:1,(TEOS),SaOS-2,,(SEM)[74].,,.()()().(L-),.[75]..,,[76]..,[76,77].[78,79],[80];()pH[81].,[82],().3.22:,,TiO2ZrO2.Tahir[83,84],,titaniumbis-(ammonium-lactato)-dihydroxide评述第52卷第12期2007年6月(a);(b);(c).:TiO2()ZrO2.pH.TiO2[85],[86],[87],[88][89].ZrO2[90],[91][92].第52卷第12期2007年6月评述1378(a):;(b):pH.,GaOOH[93].,(E.coli)A[94].41828,Wöhler[95],.1857,Pasteur[96],,.,.,,,.,/,(,)(,),.,.[21],[18,97,98]..1DonatiV.AuszugseinerNatur-GeschichtedesAdriatischenMeeres.Halle:Francken,17532SpencerH.ThePrinciplesofBiology.London:WilliamsandNor-gate,18673PechenikJA.BiologyoftheInvertebrates.Boston:McGrawHill,20004SavilleKenW.AManualoftheInfusoria:IncludingaDescriptionofAllKnownFlagellate,Ciliate,andTentaculiferousProtozoa,andanAccountoftheOrganizationandAffinitiesoftheSponges.London:DavidBogue,18805DeLageY,HérouardE.TraitédeZoologieConcrète.Paris:LeSoudier,18996FieldKG,OlsenGJ,LaneDJ,etal.Molecularphylogenyoftheanimalkingdom.Science,1988,239(4841):748753[DOI]评述第52卷第12期2007年6月:Highconservationofthecarbohydraterecog-nitiondomaininthelectingenesfromthemarinespongeGeodiacydonium.Glycobiology,1993,3(2):179184[DOI]8MüllerWEG.OriginofmetazoanadhesionmoleculesandadhesionreceptorsasdeducedfromtheircDNAanalysesfromthemarinespongeGeodiacydonium.CellTissueRes,1997,289(3):383395[DOI]9MüllerWEG,SchröderHC,MüllerIM,etal.Phylogeneticrelation-shipofubiquitinrepeatsofthepolyubiquitingenefromthemarinespongeGeodiacydonium.JMolecEvol,1994,39(3):369377[DOI]10MüllerWEG.MolecularphylogenyofMetazoa(animals):Mono-phyleticorigin.Naturwiss,1995,82(7):32132911MüllerWEG.MolecularEvolution:EvidenceforMonophylyofMetazoa.ProgrMolecSubcellBiol(19).Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork:SpringerVerlag,199812MüllerWEG.MolecularEvolution:TowardstheOriginofMeta-zoa.ProgrMolecSubcellBiol(21).Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork:SpringerVerlag,199813MüllerWEG.Howwasmetazoanthresholdcrossed:ThehypotheticalUrmetazoa.CompBiochemPhysiol,2001,129(2-3):433460[DOI]14CampbellLG.LogLettersfrom“TheChallenger”.London:Mac-Millan,187615BruscaRC,BruscaGJ.Invertebrates.Sunderland:SinauerSun-derlandMass,199016..,1991,30(6):77278517PerryCC.SilicaFormationinSponges.In:DovePM,DeYoreoJJ,WeinerS,eds.Biomineralization.Washington:TheMineralogicalSocietyofAmerica,2003.29130418,..,2006,21(10):1008101319SteinerM,MehlD,ReitnerJ,etal.OldestentirelypreservedspongesandotherfossilsfromtheLowermostCambrianandanewfaciesreconstructionoftheYangtzePlatform(China).BerlinerGeowissAbh,1993,9(1):29332920XiaoS,HuJ,YuanX,etal.ArticulatedspongesfromtheLowerCam-brianHetangFormationinsouthernAnhui,SouthChina:Theirageandimplicationsfortheearlyevolutionofsponges.PalaeogeogrPalaeo-climatolPalaeoecol,2005,220(1-2):89117[DOI]21WuW,YangA,JanussenDorte,etal.HexactinellidSpongesfromtheEarlyCambrianBlackShaleofSouthAnhui,China.JPaleont,2005,79(6):10431051[DOI]22GehlingJG,RigbyJK.Lo