翻译与宗教(一)“我把人类文化(文明)的发展分为五个阶段:诞生、成长、繁荣、衰竭和消逝。任何文化都不能永存,都是一个发展过程。那为什么中华文化竟延续不断一直存在到今天呢?这是因为翻译在起作用。中华文化这一条长河,有水满的时候,也有水少的时候,但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入,注入的次数大大小小是颇多的,最大的有两次,一次是从印度来的水,一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。”——季羡林TranslationofBuddhistsutras佛经翻译Buddha(theawakenedone)Śākyamuni(565B.C.-486B.C.)乔达摩·悉达多SiddhatthaGotama迦毗罗卫国(Kapilavastū)ThreePoisons:Greedorselfishdesire(貪)Hatredoranger(瞋)Ignoranceordelusion(痴)ThreeFlawlessStudies:三無漏學Discipline,MeditationandWisdom戒、定、慧ThreeJewels:theBuddha,theBuddhistteachings,andthecommunityofmonksandnuns.(三宝:佛、法、僧)Karmadetermineshowonewillbereborn:goodactionsproducekarmathatbringsgoodeffects;badactionsproducekarmathatbringstheopposite.Nirvana:“theextinguishingofthefiresofdesire.”ItistheultimategoalinBuddhism:innerpeace,endofsufferingandliberationfromthelimitationsoftheworld.incarnation:Abodilymanifestationofasupernaturalbeingreincarnation:RebirthofthesoulinanotherbodySarira:Buddhistrelics“—akindofbead-shapedobjectsthatarefoundamongthecrematedashesofBuddhistspiritualmasters.Mahayana(大乘):greatvehicle,amajorbranchofBuddhismpracticedinChina,Japan,Korea,Vietnam.Hinayana(小乘):AconservativebranchofBuddhismfollowingthePaliscriptures.(esp.inSriLanka,Thailand,Burma,Cambodia)Chan&ZenWhatdoyouknowaboutthetranslationofBuddhism?禅、梵、比丘、和尚、头陀、沙门、沙弥、钵、袈裟、魔、罗汉、浮屠世界、觉悟、因缘、因果、轮回、真相、自觉、唯心心心相印、大千世界、一尘不染、五体投地、六根清静、醍醐灌顶、万劫不复、前因后果劫:梵文kalpa(音译劫波)的音译缩略语,一个极长时期的名称。一千六百八十万年为一小劫,合二十小劫为一中劫,合四十劫为一大劫。刹那:梵文Ksana的音译,亦译“一念”,“须臾”,音译“乞沙孥”。佛教用以表示最短的时间单位。菩提:梵文Bodhi的音译,意译“觉”,“智”等。菩萨:梵文Bodhisattra的音译,意思是“觉有情”。舍利:梵文Salira音译“设利罗”之略,意译“身骨”。涅槃:梵文Nirvana,“寂灭”,“圆寂”。兰若:梵文Aranyaka,全称“阿兰若”,原意“树林”,意译为“寂静处”。原为比丘习静修行处所,后一般指佛寺,特别是山林小寺。……缘起汉孝明帝永平七年正月十五日。帝夜梦金人身长丈六赫奕如日。来诣殿前曰。声教流传此土。帝旦集群臣令占所梦。时通人傅毅对曰。臣览周书异记云。西方有大圣人出世。灭后千载当有声教流传此土。陛下所梦将必是乎。帝遂遣王遵等一十八人。西访佛法至月氏国。遇摩腾竺法兰二菩萨。将白氎上画释迦像及四十二章经一卷载以白马。同回洛阳。时永平十年丁卯十二月三十日也。因以腾兰译经之所名白马寺。迦叶摩腾KasyapaMatanga竺法兰Gobharana/Dharmaraksa第32章佛言:“人从爱欲生忧,从忧生怖;若离于爱,何忧何怖?”TheBuddhasaid,“Feararisesfromworry,andworryarisesfromcravinganddesire.Ifyouabandondesire,whatfearorworrycouldyouhave?”《四十二章经》THESUTRAOFFORTY-TWOCHAPTERS第38章佛问沙门:“人命在几间?”对曰:“数日间!”佛言:“子未知道。”复问一沙门:“人命在几间?”对曰:“饭食间!”佛言:“子未知道。”复问一沙门:”人命在几间?”对曰:“呼吸间。”佛言:“善哉,子知道矣!”TheBuddhaaskedaShramana,Howlongisthehumanlifespan?Hereplied,“afewdays.YouhavenotyetunderstoodtheWay.“thespaceofameal.YouhavenotyetunderstoodtheWay.“thelengthofasinglebreath.Excellent.YouhaveunderstoodtheWay.FromSanskritsutrastoChinesesutras东汉三国(148-265A.D.)魏晋南北朝(265-589A.D.)隋唐北宋(589-1100A.D.)安世高古译释道安鸠摩罗什旧译玄奘新译安世高(Parthamasiris)本名为清,字世高,是西域安息国的王太子,“汉桓之初,始到中夏”(147—167)。译出的佛典大约有35部41卷。《安般守意经》、《阴持入经》、《十二因缘》、《八正道》、《禅行法想》、《修行道地经》等“义理明晰,文字允正,辩而不华,质而不野。”佛说八大人觉经后汉沙门安世高译EightGreatAwakeningsSutra为佛弟子,常于昼夜,至心诵念八大人觉:BuddhistDisciples!Atalltimes,dayandnight,sincerelyreciteandbearinmindtheseeighttruthsthatcausegreatpeopletoawaken.第一觉悟:世间无常;国土危脆,四大苦空,五阴无我,生灭变异,虚伪无主,心是恶源,形为罪薮,如是观察,渐离生死。TheFirstAwakening:Theworldisimpermanent.Countriesareperilousandfragile.Thebodyisasourceofpain,ultimatelyempty.Thefiveskandhasarenotthetrueself.LifeandDeathisnothingbutaseriesoftransformations—hallucinatory,unreal,uncontrollable.Theintellectisawellspringofturpitude,thebodyabreedinggroundofoffenses.Investigateandcontemplatethesetruths.Graduallybreakfreeofdeathandrebirth.古译时期的特点:1)翻译过程分为三个步骤:口译(“传言”)、记录(“笔受”)和检验(“证义”)。《高僧传》:“梵客华僧,听言揣意,方圆共凿,金石难和……咫尺千里,觌面难通。”2)“格义”(concept-matching):用旧有的名词、概念和范畴去比附佛教语词。涅槃:用道家“无为”菩提:“道”阿罗汉:“真人”释迦牟尼:“能仁”释道安(312~385)东晋僧人。第一位僧伽制度建立者所撰《摩诃钵罗若波罗密经钞序》中提出了翻译的“五失本”,“三不易”的译论。Fiveinstancesoflosingthesource译梵为秦(汉语),有五失本也。一者,梵语尽倒而使从秦,一失本也。Changingthewordorder.SanskritwordorderisfreewithatendencytoSOV.ChineseisSVO.二者,梵经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不可,斯二失本也。Addingliteraryembellishmentwheretheoriginalisinplainstyle.三者,梵语委悉,至于“咏叹”,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。Eliminatingrepetitivenessinargumentationandpanegyric(頌文).四者,梵有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。Cuttingtheconcludingsummarysection.五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。Cuttingtherecapitulativematerialinintroductorysection.然《般若经》,三达之心,复面所演,圣必因时,时俗有易,而删雅古,以适今时,一不易也。愚智天隔,圣人叵阶,乃欲以千载之上微言,使合百王之下末俗,二不易也。阿难出经,去佛未久,尊者大迦叶令五六百通,迭查迭书;今离千年,而以近意量裁,彼阿罗汉乃兢兢若此,此生死人而平平若此,岂将不以知法者猛乎,斯三不易也。theThreeDifficultiesCommunicatingtheDharmatoadifferentaudiencefromtheonetheBuddhaaddressed.Translatingthewordsofasaint.Translatingtextswhichhavebeenpainstakinglycomposedbygenerationsofdisciples.鸠摩罗什Kumārajīva(344~413)Kuchean(龟兹,今新疆库车)Buddhistmonk,scholarandtranslator384-401:Capture,imprisonment,andrelease401-413:AtChang'anTranslated74sutras,totaling384fascicles(三藏经论74部,凡384卷)《金刚经》《法华经》《维摩诘经》《阿弥陀经》《无量寿经》……开经偈无上甚深微妙法,百千万劫难遭遇,我今见闻得受持,愿解如来真实义《金刚般若波罗密经》姚秦三藏法师鸠摩罗什译《金刚经》TheDiamondSutra《金刚经》TheDiamondSutra第一品法会因由分如是我闻,一时,佛在舍卫国祗树给孤独园,与大比丘众千二百五十人俱。尔时,世尊食时,著衣持钵,入舍卫大城乞食。于其城中,次第乞已,还至本处。饭食讫,收衣钵,洗足已,敷座而坐。第二品善现启请分时,长老须菩提在大众中即从座起,偏袒右肩,右膝着地,合掌恭敬而白佛言:“希有!世尊!如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。世尊!善男子、善女人,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心,应云何住,云何降伏其心?”佛言:“善哉,善哉。须菩提!如汝所说,如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。汝今谛听!当为汝说:善男子、善女人,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心,应如是住,如是降伏其心。”“唯然,世尊!愿乐欲闻。”“有天然西域之语趣”“凡所有相,皆是虚妄。若见诸相非相,则见如来。”“如来者,无所从来,亦无所去,故名如来。