非谓语动词做状语分词做状语•分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一,分为两种:现在分词和过去分词。•现在分词的形式是“动词原形+ing”;规则的过去分词在动词原形后加“ed”。•分词也具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化,并可带状语宾语等。•分词的否定式在分词前加not(例如:notwhishing,nothavingreceived).•分词做状语时表示的动作是主语的一部分,与谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时或几乎同时发生的,有时先于谓语的动作发生。•分词做状语一般于其他成分用逗号分开。分词可以做时间,原因,方式,条件,结果,目的,让步等状语。分词的形式和意义分词(do)形式含义现在分词doing主动,进行beingdone被动,进行havingdone主动,完成Havingbeendone被动,完成过去分词done1.被动2.完成3.被动,完成题型结构:•_______________________,S+V+O.(多把表时间,原因,条件,目的状语等放句前)•S+V+O,_________________________.(表结果,伴随的状语等放句后)•Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.•Whentheyheardthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.•Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.•Hewalkeddownthehillandsangsoftlytohimself.•逗号前后没有连词连接(and,but,when,as,where,however,等),就构成了非谓语做状语的基本前提.•现在分词的主动式主要是与句中主语逻辑上的一种主谓关系,现在分词的被动式主要是与句中主语逻辑上的一种动宾关系;现在分词的进行式是指分词所表示的动作(或状态)与句中动作同时或几乎同时发生,现在分词的完成式是指分词所表示的动作(或状态)一定先于句中谓语动作发生。•Eg.1.Seeingfromthehilltop,hewasdelightedtoseeawonderfulview.•此句中,逗号前后无连词连接故不能同时出现两个简单句,see逻辑主语是he,他们之间是一种主谓关系(主动),see动作与bedelightedtosee几乎是同时性(同时),因此seeing(主动,进行)符合要求,相当与一个时间状语从句:whenhesawfromthehilltop,hewasdelightedtoseeawonderfulview。•2.Seenfromthehilltop,thevalleylookedlikeawonderland.(从山顶上看去,峡谷宛若仙境。)•在本句中,see与thevalley构成了逻辑上的动宾关系即可理解为“峡谷”是被看的,而峡谷的美(宛若仙境)是本身存在的事实,因此用过去分词强调see与主语thevalley的被动关系即可。•3.Seenfromthepagoda,thesouthfootofthePurpleMountainisaseaoftrees.•从这个塔上远眺,紫金山南麓是树的海洋。•4.Havingwrittenanimportantletter,Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile.•此句中write与I是逻辑上的主谓关系(主动),write动作先于句中listentothemusic的动作,故用havingwritten(主动,完成)作状语。•5.Havingbeenwritteninhaste,theessaywasnotworthreading.•此句中theessay与write是被动关系,write动作先于beworthreading之前是同时强调被动完成,所以选用Havingbeenwritten(被动,完成),该分词表原因。作时间状语时相当与when引导的时间状语从句。•这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分,也可至于句子后面,若两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when或while表示强调。•Eg.Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.(Whentheyheardthenews,they……)•Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.•Havingfinishedhishomework,hewatchedTVforawhile.作原因状语相当于as,since,because引导的从句,这类状语多放在句子的前半部分。•Eg:Beingalaymaninmattersofculture,Iwouldliketostudythem..(AsIamalaymaninmattersofculture,Iwouldliketostudythem.)•Thedoctor,notwantingtomakethepatientnervous,didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.•作条件状语相当于if,unless等引导的从句•这类状语一般放在句子的前半部分。•Eg:Turningtotheright,youwillfindapathleadingtohiscottage.(Ifyouturntotheright,you……)•Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.团结就是胜利,分裂必然失败•4)作让步状语相当于though,evenif等引导的从句。表示让步的状语要放句前,一般不可放在句尾,但前有连词时例外。•Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn’ttriedherbest.(AthoughIadmitwhatshehassaid,Istillthink……)尽管承认她所说的话,但我仍然认为她没有尽最大的努力。•Grantinghishonesty,westillcan’temployhim.就算他是诚实的,我们也不能雇佣他。•作方式或伴随状语不能用状语从句替换,但可以改成并列句,通常放句后。•Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.•(Hewalkeddownthehillandsangsoftlytohimself.)•Kneelingandshuttinghereyes,sheprayedtothegoddess.•Shestoodbythewindowwatchingthesunsets.•Theboyrunhome,crying•作结果状语相当于sothat引导的从句。这类状语通常放在句子的后半部分,并有逗号同前面的句子成分隔开,长可以译为“于是,所以,或因此”等。这种分词的逻辑主语即可以是句子的主语,也可以是前边的整个句子,如果逻辑主语是前边的整个句子,其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。•Eg:Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,leavingtheprojectunfinished.•Heturnedoffthelamp,(thereby)seeingnothing.•Theoutputofsteelincreasedby15%lastyear,reaching30,000tons.•Accordingto………(根据……)•Judgingfrom/by………(由…判断)•Considering………(鉴于)•Provided/providingthat……(如果)•Comparedto/with……(与…相比较)•Supposingthat……(假设,如果)•Generallyspeaking……一般说来•Franklyspeaking……坦白地说•Properlyspeaking……正确的说来•Totellyouthetruth……说实话•Taking…intoconsideration考虑到•Seeing……考虑到•Saving……除了,除非•Assuming……假使•Admitting……虽说,即使•Given……如果•Eg:•Givenanotherchance,I’lldoitbetter.•Giventime,he’llmakeafirstclasswriter.(2003,北京,28)•Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromthenorth.•Consideringyourage,you’dbetterlivewithyourson.•Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.2)另一类题是由be+p.p.+prep+n/pron/v-ing,要么是被动语态,要么是表一种状态,此结构,一般情况去be后,可把分词直接用做状语。•besatisfiedwith•beexcitedabout•bepleasedwith•besurprisedat•bemarriedto•beengagedto•beacceptedby•befollowedby•befacedwith•bedrivenby•beinterestedin•belostinthought•beusedto/as/for•bearmedwith•besurroundedby•bebornin•bedressedin•befilledwithbecoveredwith/by•……………1.______atfailinginthemathexam,Johnwouldn’tliketotalkittohisparents.A.DisappointedB.TobedispointedC.DisappointingD.Havingdisappointed2.________byagreaterdemandforvegetables,farmershavebuiltmoregreenhouse.A.DrivenB.BeingdrivenC.TodriveD.Havingdriven。•3._____withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.FacedB.FaceC.facingD.Toface4.Facedwithabillfor$10,000,_______.A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB.thebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn