凯程考研集训营,为学生引路,为学员服务!第1页共3页2017考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章:蹒跚而行的东北部每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人,因此2017年考研复习之初,一定要从基础打好,稳扎稳打。凯程网考研频道分享《经济学人》文章,希望大家能够多看、多练,提升阅读能力!2017考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章:蹒跚而行的东北部Transportinthenorth-east东北部交通Trackchanges轨道变化Thenorth-eastisbeinghobbledbylousytransport交通不便,蹒跚而行的东北部MOSTadvertisementsonpublictransportattempttosellsomething.TravellersontheLondonUnderground,forexample,situnderpostersfordatingwebsites,vitaminsupplementsandinsurancepolicies.Onthetwo-carriagetrainbetweenSunderlandandDarlingtoninthenorth-eastofEngland,onlyoneadvertcatchestheeye.Itisfromtherailcompany,apparentlyapologisingforthestatethetrainisin.大多数公共交通上的广告都试图向乘客们售卖出什么东西。举个例子,伦敦地铁上的乘客,就坐在诸如交友网站,维他命补充剂,保险单等等宣传海报的下面。在英国东北部往返于桑德兰和达灵顿的二节火车里,仅有一种广告占据了人们的视线,这个广告来自于一家铁路公司,很明显是在为这火车所在的国家而道歉。Thenorth-east'srailwaynetworkiscreaking.Twoorthree-car“Pacers”—cheaply-madecarriagesbasedonoldbuses—judderalonglargepartsofthenetwork.ItcantakeanhourandahalftogetfromMiddlesbroughtoNewcastle,adistanceofonly40miles.AtrainjourneybetweenChelmsfordinEssexandLondon,thesamedistance,takes36minutes.Trainsfromrichsuburbsarelessfrequentandareoftendelayed.“Youcouldwalkfaster,”complainsDavidBudd,thedeputymayorofMiddlesbrough.东北部的铁路网正在日益老化。两或三节车厢的“步行者”—根据老巴士改造的廉价车厢—在大片的铁路网上颤颤巍巍地运行着。从相距仅40英里的米德尔斯堡到纽卡斯尔大概要花一个半小时,而从同样距离的艾塞克斯的切姆斯福德到伦敦,搭乘火车仅需36分钟。从富裕郊区发出的列车班次更少,并且经常晚点。“走路还快一些。”米德尔斯堡的副市长大卫·巴德这样抱怨道。ThisiscripplinglabourmobilityinEngland'spoorestregion.Thenorth-eastwaslongdependentonheavyindustryandhasstruggledwithdeindustrialisation.UnemploymentinMiddlesbrough,at15%,istwicethenationalaverage(seemap).Butbecausethenorth-eastissohardtogetaround,companiesmustrecruitlocally,saysPaulCallaghan,chairmanoftheLeightonGroup,atechnologyfirmjustoutsideSunderland.Thesouth-east'sexcellenttransportlinksenablepeopletotravelmuchmoreeasily.这给英格兰最贫困地区的劳动力流动问题造成了严重后果。东北部长期依赖于重工凯程考研集训营,为学生引路,为学员服务!第2页共3页业并在限制工业化中苦苦挣扎。米德尔斯堡的失业率高达15%,是国家平均值的两倍(如图)。但是正因为东北部交通非常不便,公司必须在本地招聘职员,保罗·卡拉翰如是认为,他是一家名为雷顿集团的技术公司的总裁,该公司位于桑德兰附近。东南部卓越的交通运输则让人们的通行更加便利。Historyispartlytoblame.Newcastleaside,manytownsinthenorth-eastwereself-containedandorientedaroundmines:fewpeopleneededtotravelfar.Railwaysmostlycarriedcoalandsteel,andwhenthoseindustriesdeclinedtheywerecutback.Evennewjobswereoftenisolatedinsuburbanindustrialparks.Whatlittleinvestmenttherewasintransporttendedtoreinforceoldernorth-southlinksratherthancreateneweast-westones.历史原因要为此窘境承担一部分责任。除了纽卡斯尔,东北部许多城市都自给自足,被矿山包围:很少有人需要出远门。铁路大多被用来运输煤和钢铁,当这些工业衰落后它们的运输量也削减了。即使是新工作也仅局限在郊区工业园内。该地区有限的投资也是放在了加强南北交通枢纽上,而不是建造新的东西向线路。Localgovernmentsquabblinghasnothelpedmatters.“There'sanantipathybetweenNewcastleandSunderland—andnotjustaboutfootball,”saysRayHudsonofDurhamUniversity.InmetropolitanManchester,localauthoritieshavegangeduptolobbyforinvestment.Thenorth-easthasfailedtopresentaunitedfront.Partlyasaresult,publicexpenditureontransportinfrastructureprojectsis£2,595($4,340)perheadinLondonbutonly£5inthenorth-east,accordingtoIPPRNorth,athink-tank.地方政府间的争吵也不利于事态发展。“纽卡斯尔和桑德兰间的互相反感并不仅限于足球。”杜伦大学的雷·哈德森说。在大都市曼彻斯特,地方政府们团结合作来争取投资。而东北部并没形成统一战线。这在一定程度上造成了如下结果:根据著名智库北方公共政策研究所(IPPR)的研究,在交通基本建设工程上,伦敦的市政开支是平均每人2,595英镑(4,340美元),而在东北部平均每人仅5英镑。Britain'sproposedhigh-speedrailwaywillnothelpmuch,andnotforalongtime.UndercurrentplansHS2willtakeuntil2033toreachthenorth-east,somesevenyearsafteritstretchestotheWestMidlands.Eventhenmanyareworried:EdwardTwiddy,leaderoftheNorthEastLocalEnterprisePartnership,fearsthatjourneystoLeedsinYorkshirewillbecomelongerandthatinvestmentwillbedrawnawayfromtheEastCoastmainline.英国所提议的高速铁路不会有太大帮助,也不是长久之计。在现有的计划下,HS2高速铁路项目直到2033年才能建设到东北部,比到达西米德兰兹郡要晚约七年。即使到那时候,人们还是忧心忡忡:东北地方企业合作团的领导人爱德华·图迪担心去约克郡利兹市的路程将会更漫长,东海岸沿线的投资也将会被撤走。Smaller,incrementalprojectswouldhelpmore.Railwaytracksarebeingelectrifiedinthenorth-west,butonlyasfarasYork.Unlesspartsofthenorth-eastareelectrifiedtoo,areaslikeMiddlesbroughriskbeingcutoffevenmorethanatpresent.Betterrolling-stockwouldgetmorepeopleontrains.IfanotherplatformwereaddedtoDarlingtonstation—apretty,ifsparse,Victorianstructure—thencongestiononthelinetoLondonwouldbereduced,aslocalandfreightserviceswouldnolongerneedtocrossthemaintracks.规模小一些,逐渐递进的项目帮助会更大。西北部的铁路正在实现电气化,但最远也只推行到了约克。除非部分东北部地区也实现电气化,否则像米德尔斯堡这样的地区将冒着比现在更与世隔绝的风险。更好的铁路运行会带来更多乘客。如果达灵顿车站能多设一个站台—一个漂亮的,如果空间够宽敞的话,维多利亚式的建筑,那么去往伦敦沿线的拥堵状凯程考研集训营,为学生引路,为学员服务!第3页共3页况将得到缓解,因为地方和货运服务将没必要再通过主要的铁路干线。Suchprojectsarelessexcitingthanawhizzynewrailway.Governmentofficialstendtoglazeoverwhentheyarementioned,saysEdCoxofIPPRNorth.Amoreintegratedapproachtotransportplanningwouldhelp.Thisisslowlystartingtohappen:fromApril1stsevenlocalauthoritiesinthenorth-eastwillhiveoffsomefunctionstoacombinedauthority,similartotheset-upinManchester.Thisshouldgivethenorth-eastastrongervoice.Whentwonorthernrailfranchisescomeupforrenewalin2016localauthoritieswillplayalargerpartinthebiddingprocess.这样的项目没有建设一个新的高技术铁路那样激动人心。当这些项目被提及时,政府官员往往提不起半点兴趣。北方公共政策研究所的爱德·科克斯如是说。更综合一些的交通运输计划会有帮助。这正在慢慢地实现:从4月1日开始东北部的七个地方政府将会分离一部分职能来组成一个联合机构,类似于曼彻斯特的组织。这将使东北部更具有发言权。当2016年两个北方铁路专营权更新时,当地政府在投标过程中的地位将更重要。Inmanywaystheregionislagging20yearsbehindeverywhereelse,thinksPennyMarshal