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Unit4TurningFailureintosuccess1.votevt.1.choose(sb.)tohave(aparticulartitle);elect2.投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)vi.(for,against,on)expressone'schoiceofficiallyatameetingorinanelectionn.选举；投票；选票Examples:ShewasvotedBestDirectorattheShanghaiFilmFestival.Awomanwasshouting“VoteforKennedy!VoteKennedy!”Wecalledameetinginordertotakeavoteontheissue.2.Promotionn.1)advancementinrankorposition2)attempttomakeaproductoraneventpopularorsuccessful,esp.byadvertisingExamples:ThepromotionofAnnetovicepresidentwasexpected.Thepromotionofthenewproductcostthousandsofdollars.3.Nervousbreakdownanunnaturalconditionofdeepworrying,anxiety,weepingortirednessTohaveanervousbreakdownistobecomementallyill,usuallyasaresultofworkingtoohardorofdifficultemotionalproblems,andbetemporarilyunabletodealwithordinarythingssuchasworkingorlookingafteryourfamily.Examples:Hewasforcedtogiveuphisjobaftersufferinganervousbreakdown.Afterherdivorce,Laurahadanervousbreakdownandwasoffworkforthreemonths.4.Panicn.afeelingorstateofsuddenuncontrollableandquicklyspreadingfearExamples:Hegotintoapanicaboutexaminations.Thethoughtofflyingalonefilledmewithpanic.Thereisastronglikelihoodofpanicifafirestartsinthebuilding.5.Rejectionn.theactofrejectingorbeingrejectedExamples:Johnwasangeredbyhisclassmates'rejectionofhisproposal.I'vehadsomanyrejectionsthatI'vestoppedofferingtohelpher.6.Reactionn.responseorchangecausedbytheactionofanotherExamples:MyreactiontoBob'sinsultwastoleavetheroom.Reactionstotheproposalsofarhavebeenfavorable.Achemicalreactionistwoormoresubstancesreactingwithandchangingeachother.Example:Theexplosionwascausedbyachemicalreaction.7.placeemphasisonGivesth.specialforceorattentiontoshowthatitisparticularlyimportantExamples:InJapanesesociety,alotofemphasisislaidonacademicsuccess.Thisdictionaryplacesaspecialemphasisongrammar.8.Inthelongrun--afterenoughtime;intheendExamples:Itpaystobuygoodsofhighqualityinthelongrun.Computerscan,inthelongrun,bemademoresecurethananybank.9.Beneficiala.producingfavorableeffectsorusefulresultsExamples:Sunshineandrainarebeneficialtothecropsinthefield.ThisnewdrugisbeneficialforsufferersfromAIDS.10.Dealwith1).ajobdealingwithpeople--ajobthatinvolveshandlinghumanrelations2).dealwithsth.--handleorattendtosth.(usu.sth.thatneedsattentionorconcern)Examples:Haven'tyoudealtwiththatletteryet?TheFinanceOfficerdealswithallthefinancesoftheuniversity.11.Beproneto1.(to)habituallylikelytodosth.(usu.undesirable)Examples:Heispronetolosetemperwhenothersdisagreewithhim.Angelaisratherpronetoexaggeration.2.Tobepronetoalsomeanstobelikelytobecomeillortogetaparticularillness.Examples:You'remorepronetoillnesseswhenyou'retired.Mysisterispronetoflu.12.Orientationn.ausu.generalandlastingdirectionofthought,interestorview--Peoplegenerallytendtolookatthingsashavingonlytwovalues,ortwosides:anythingthatisnotgoodmustbebad,thatisnottruebefalse--thistwo-valuedlogiciscalled“thetwo-valuedorientation”byHayakawa.17.aworldof=alotofThere'saworldofdifferencebetweentheoldChinesesocietyandthenewone.Thatexperiencegavehimaworldofgood.18.complexa.1.difficulttounderstand,explain,ordealwith;notclearorsimple2.(词或句子)复合的,复杂的n.asystemconsistingofalargenumberofcloselyrelatedparts综合体；复合体；群落Examples:Thestudentthoughtthealgebraicformulawascomplex.acomplexproblem/issue/matteracomplexsentence/wordanofficecomplex（综合办公楼）ashoppingcomplex（综合商场）19.precludevt.(fml.)(from)makeimpossible;preventPrecludeisoftenusedofasituationorconditionorsomeanticipatorymeasuresthatpreventthepossibilityofathing'soccurringorofaperson'sdoingsomething.Examples:Hemakeseverythingsoclearthatallmisunderstandingisprecluded.Thefactthatyourapplicationwasnotsuccessfulthistimedoesnotprecludethepossibilityofyouapplyingagainnexttime.20.practicallyad.1.(infml.)verynearly;almost2.inapracticalwayExamples:ThereisatelevisioninpracticallyeveryAmericanhome.It'spracticallyimpossibletogethomeinlessthananhour.Theoretically,it'sagoodideatolivewithoutacar,butpracticallyspeaking,itwouldbedifficulttomanagewithoutone.21.prestigen.generalrespectoradmirationfeltinmen'smindforsb.orsth.byreasonofhaving,orbeingconnectedwith,rank,provedhighqualityExamples:amanofhighprestigeManypeopleareattractedbytheprestigeofworkingforatopcompany.22.markedheras“Olympicmaterial”--distinguishedherasapotentialOlympicathletemarkas:beadistinguishingfeatureof...asExamples:Thesequalitiesmarkthefilmasexceptionallygood.HardworkhasmarkedAsianAmericansasamodelminority.material--n.someonewhoisgoodenoughforaparticularjoborposition23.peak1.vi.reachthehighestvalue,level,point,etc.2.n.(山)峰；顶峰；尖顶Examples:Themountainpeaksat15,000feet.Thetennisplayerpeakedwhenshewas21.Asthesoundreacheditspeak,awindowbroke.24.downhilla.&ad.1.(becoming)worseorlesssuccessful2.(going)towardsthebottomofahillExamples:Investorswerepanicked（恐慌）bythedownhillslideofthestockmarket.Everythingwentdownhillfortheteamwhenthestarathleteretired.Theballrolleddownhillandlandedinapuddle25.damagen.harm;lossvt.causedamagetoExamples:Thefiredidalotofdamagetothefactory.Theaccidentcausedthechildalotofemotionalandphysicaldamage.Someonedamaged