7心的血供

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BloodSuppliesoftheHeartMaxSongProvideoxygenforbodycellsTransportnutrientsforbodyTransportationofmetabolicwastesImportanceofbloodsupplyThefour-chamberedheartisadynamicorgan.Itworksdayandnighttopropelbloodflowingthroughoutofthebody.Justlikeotherorgansofthebody,theheartusesoxygenandnutrientsderivedfrombloodwhenitpumps.Therefore,itneedsacontinuousbloodsupply.Bloodflowingthroughcoronaryarteriesaccountsfor4~5%ofcardiacoutput.Onehundredgramsofmyocardialtissueuses8-10mloxygenfrombloodeveryminutes.Theheartabsorbs70-75%ofoxygenofbloodwhenitflowsthroughtheheart.So,absorptionrateofoxygenoftheheartishighest.Thebrainhasahighmetabolicratethatreflectstheenergyrequirementsofconstantneuralactivity.Itreceivesabout15%ofthecardiacoutputandutilizes25%ofthetotaloxygenconsumptionofthebody.TheneedofthehearttobloodsupplyAlthoughtheheartisfilledwithblood,however,thiscontainedbloodprovideslittlenourishmenttotheheartwalls,whicharetoothicktoobtainmuchnutritionbydiffusionalone.Instead,theheartderivesitsrichbloodsupplyfromtwosmallvessels—therightandleftcoronaryarteries.Myocardialcellsareverysensitivetoanoxia.Insufficientbloodsupplytotheheartwouldresultinanginapectorisevenmoreseriousconsequence—cardiacinfarction.Millionsofpeopledieeveryyearfromcoronarydisease.Formedicalstudents,knowledgeaboutbloodsupplyoftheheartanddistributionofcoronaryarterybranches,therefore,areoftheutmostclinicalandpracticalimportance.OriginofbloodsupplyingtheheartBloodcontainedwithintheheartchambersArteriesoutsideoftheheartRightandleftcoronaryarteriesA.BloodcontainedwithintheheartchambersTheendocardiumandsomesubendocardialtissueslocatedimmediatelyexternaltotheendocardiumreceiveoxygenandnutrientsbydiffusionormicrovasculaturedirectlyfromthechambersoftheheart.B.ArteriesoutsideoftheheartBranchesoftheinternalthoracicarteriesBronchialarteriesPericardiacophrenicarteriesTherightandleftcoronaryarteries,thefirstbranchesoftheaorta,carrybloodtosupplymostofthemyocardium.Andthen,thecadiacvenousbloodisdrainedtotherightatrium.Thiscircuitofbloodcirculationiscalledthecoronarycirculation,theso-called“thirdcirculation”,whichisonespecialpartofsystemiccirculationC.RightandleftcoronaryarteriesOriginofthecoronaryarteriesMaincourseofcoronaryarteriesParietalCoronaryArtery&MyocardialBridgesLeftcoronarya.1.Anteriorinterventriculara.Typesofanteriorinterventricularbranch前室间支的分支左室前支左圆锥支右室前支前室间隔支2.旋支1.左室前支(斜角支)2.2.左房前支3.左缘支4.左房后支右冠状动脉(Rightcoronarya.)1.窦房结支2.右圆锥支3.右室前支4.右缘支5.右房支6.右室后支7.左室后支8.房室结支9.后室间支10.房间隔前动脉(耳大吻合动脉)(Kugelartery)房间隔前动脉(耳大吻合动脉)(Kugelartery)房间隔前动脉(耳大吻合动脉)(Kugelartery)冠状动脉的分布类型(Dominanceofthecoronaryarteries)Dominanceofthecoronaryarterialsystemisdefinedbywhicharterygivesrisetotheposteriorinterventricularartery.Dominanceoftherightcoronaryarteryistypical,withtherightcoronaryarterysupplyingmostofthediaphragmaticsurface.Theleftcoronaryarteryisdominantinapproximately10%ofpeople,andthereiscodominancein15%ofpeople.冠状动脉分支在心室壁内的分支类型在心肌层内,微动脉(直径<0.3mm)与肌束平行,然后发出分支穿过肌束膜再分成毛细血管包绕每一条心肌纤维。婴儿时期每4~6条心肌纤维约有一条毛细血管包绕,在成人平均每一条心肌纤维有一条毛细血管包绕。心肌肥大时,心肌纤维和毛细血管数的绝对值均增加,二者的比例并无改变。肥大心肌缺氧,主要原因并非是由于心肌纤维增粗导致毛细血管向心肌纤维内部氧的弥散困难,而是由于冠状动脉管径与增粗的心肌纤维本身相比相对变小,因此导致整个心的供血不足而致心肌缺氧。心局部的血液供应1.室间隔2.乳头肌3.心传导系A窦房结B房室结C房室束及左、右束支室间隔的血液供应乳头肌的血液供应乳头肌分为三型:指状型、结合型、中间型。乳头肌的动脉由冠状动脉的分支在心外膜下分出,并穿过心肌层,是冠状动脉的终末支,行程较长。指状型乳头肌通常从其基底接受一大的中央动脉,此动脉起于该处心外膜下的冠状动脉动脉分支,是一个长的终末支,沿乳头肌纵轴从根部穿肌层走向乳头肌的顶端,经过4—5次分支,并互相吻合形成网状,以供应整个乳头肌,但与乳头肌以外的心内膜下血管丛之间很少有或没有吻合。因此营养指状型乳头肌的血管一旦发生梗阻,将导致整个指状型乳头肌的缺血坏死。结合型乳头肌的动脉与乳头肌纵轴垂直,且有几条动脉分节段型地进入乳头肌,这些血管的分支不仅彼此互相吻合,而且与乳头肌以外的心内膜下血管丛相连接。中间型乳头肌的血管配布为混合型,即上述两型配布皆有。营养这两类乳头肌的血管由于和心内膜下的血管之间有吻合,所以即使发生梗阻,这两类乳头肌也可以从心内膜下的血管获得营养,这有助于保持乳头肌结构和功能的完整性。前外侧组乳头肌由左冠状动脉的前室间支及旋支分支供血。后内侧组乳头肌通常由右冠状动脉的左室后支及左冠状动脉的旋支供血,少数亦可来自前室间支绕至心脏下面的终末支供血。由于两个乳头肌恒定地由多个来源动脉供血,因此单一的一个大的冠状动脉支的梗阻,很少使乳头肌的血供完全阻断。临床上乳头肌断裂常常是由于一个以上动脉支梗阻所致。1.左心室乳头肌的血供前组乳头肌血供来自前降支的室间隔支、右室前支或右冠状动脉的右缘支。在乳头肌内均为纵行分布。后组乳头肌和隔侧组乳头肌则由附近的动脉分支供血。2.右心室乳头肌的血供心传导系的血供冠状动脉分支栓塞或损伤时,可引起相应部位的心肌缺血或坏死,同时也会产生心传导系的供血障碍,导致心律失常。1.窦房结的血供(BloodsupplyofSAnode)窦房结由冠状动脉的窦房结动脉供血。该动脉在国人约66.76%起于右冠状动脉,31.9%起于左冠状动脉,另有1.34%的人窦房结动脉有两支,分别起于左、右冠状动脉。是右冠状动脉第一个分支。此动脉起始后,在主动脉和右心耳之间,右房内侧壁向后上行,至上腔静脉根部,多以逆时针方向从后方绕上腔静脉口,形成一个围绕上腔静脉的动脉环,故该动脉有时亦称为上腔静脉口支。该动脉从窦房结尾端穿经窦房结的中央,此时改称为窦房结中央动脉。少数以顺时针方向从窦房结的头端入窦房结。起于右冠状动脉的窦房结动脉(Sinoatrialarteryoriginatedfromtherightcoronaryartery)起于左冠状动脉的窦房结动脉(Sinoatrialarteryoriginatedfromtheleftcoronaryartery)多起于左冠状动脉的旋支,在升主动脉后方横过左心房前面至上腔静脉根部,或绕经左心房后面至上腔静脉根部,然后从窦房结后端穿经窦房结,营养窦房结。窦房结动脉的解剖学特点1.其起点接近冠状动脉口;2.沿途分支供应心房肌和房间隔的大部分,并与其它心房支形成许多吻合;3.穿经窦房结并完全被窦房结组织包裹;4.穿经窦房结时管径变化不大。窦房结供血不足可以产生窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏或心房颤动等各种房性心律失常。近年来将这些由窦房结缺血引起的临床症状,统称为病态窦房结综合征。无论是起于右冠状动脉还是起于左冠状动脉的窦房结动脉,它们在进入窦房结之前,都和其它心房支形成许多吻合。由于窦房结动脉的起点和行径常有变化,且窦房结供血不足又常常引起房性心律失常,因此在心脏手术切开心房时,应尽量避免损伤窦房结动脉。2.房室结的血供(BloodsupplyoftheAVnode)1.房室结动脉2.房间隔前动脉(Kugelartery)3.左房后支1.房室结动脉绝大多数起始于右冠状动脉。少数从左冠状动脉旋支发出,左右冠状动脉各发一支者极为少见。房室结动脉起始于右冠状动脉或是左冠状动脉,取决于后室间支从哪条动脉发出。房室结动脉起始处的右或左冠状动脉多呈U型弯曲,房室结动脉由此弯曲的顶点发出,然后向前上至深部到达房室结和房室束。2.房间隔前动脉(Kugelartery)起于右冠状动脉或或左冠状动脉起始部分,自房间隔向后下,至房室结。3.左房后动脉常起于旋支,由冠状窦口的前方进入房室交界区房室结动脉,房间隔前动脉(Kugelartery)和左房后支三条动脉之间互相吻合,营养房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