生物多样性

(,210095)(,210042):,:(1);(2);(3),:(1);(2);(3);(4):,,,:S451.1:A:1005-0094(2001)02-0188-08HarmfulnessofexoticweedsinChinaandfortheirmanagementQIANGSheng1,CAOXue2Zhang21WeedResearchLaboratory,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing2100952NanjingInstituteofEnvironmentalScience,StateEvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChina,Nanjing210042Abstract:Exoticweedshavecausedseriousharmtocropproduction,orchards,lawns,naturalenvi2ronmentandbiodiversityinChina.Thisiscloselyrelatedtocertaincharacteristicsoftheexoticweedsandtolackofenvironmentalresistance.Tomanageexoticweeds,measuresshouldbetakenintwoas2pects:oneispreventionofintroductionofexoticweeds,andtheotheriscontrolofexistingones.Intheformeraspect,measuresthatshouldbetakeninclude:1)reinforcingplantquarantine;2)estab2lishingariskassessmentsystemforintroductionofexoticplants,and3)encouragingtheutilizationofnativeplants.Inthelatteraspect,thefollowingcomprehensivemeasuresshouldbetaken:1)control2lingecologicaldestruction;2)conductingbiologicalcontrolofexoticweeds;3)usingeconomicplantsashabitatdisplacementcontrolagents,and4)conductingutilizationofexoticweeds.Keywords:exoticweeds,harmfulness,weedmanagement,strategy1,,,,76,1081,14,8,(,,2000),,,,X::2000-11-26;:2001-01-09:,,1960,E2mail:[e-mail]2001,9(2):188195XBiodiversityScience©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,:;;;;,(Westbook&Eplee,1996),(Richardson,1996),4(Ambrosiaartemisiifoli2a)(Eupatoriumadenophorum)(Eichhorniacrassipes)(Alternantheraphiloxeroides)(,,1998),,,,22.1,,,,,,,,,,(Amaranthusretroflexus)(A2maranthusviridis)(Ageratumconyzoides)(Conyzabonariensis)(Conyzacanadensis),(Amaranthusspinosus)(Loliumtemulentum)(Solivaan2themifolia)(Veronicapersica)(,1965),,,(,,1990;,1998)486hm2,350hm2,5.3,71,15(,1999)2.2(Erigeronannuus),;,,,(,1998)(Eupatoriumodora2tum)(,1998)2.3,,,,[(Trifoliumrepens)],;,,;,(Plantagovirginica),,,(Veronicaarvensis)(Apiumleptophyl2lum)(Lepidiumvirginicum),(,,2000)2.4,,,;,2:189©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.;,10,,,(,1998a),,,,,,,1%(,1985;,1997;,1997)2.5,,,,(,,1990;,,1993;,1985;Auld&Martin,1975);,(Imperatacylindricavar.major)(Pennisetumalopecuroides),152626,0.7095;(Digitariasanguinalis)(Echinochloacrusgalli),213639,0.9383;,81313,0.6393,,,,(,1997),2030,,,,10,100%,0,,,6068,155(,1995;,,1998)3,3.1,,,,,,(,1998a),,(,1985;,,1989),60km(,1991),,(,,1989;,1998a)3.2,,,(,,1989)3.3(),190BiodiversityScience9©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.20204050,,,,,,(,,1993),,,,,,,,(,1985)3.4()(Ambrosiatrifida),50,,,,,3.5(Loliumtemulentum),38,20(Temuline,C7H12N2O),Stromatiniatemulenta,,(,1965)3.6(,)(Sorghumhalepense),,1116418,,,,,,,3.7(Mikaniamicrantha),,,,,60,,,,,,,,,,,2700hm2,,60%,6m160m,40%60%,(,2000),,,4,,4.1,,(),,,(,1988),,,,2:191©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,4.2,,,,,(Rumexnepalensis)(Tripathietal.,1981)100%(,,1989;Angirasetal.,1988;1989;,,1990),(Tripathietal.,1981;Yadav&Tripathi,1984)10%(Eragrostispilosa)(Echinochloaspp.)(Tri2foliumpratense)(Bradow,1984)(Watanaba&Idko,1981)2(Fischer&Quijano,1984)(Rice,1968),(,1995):(Bhowmik&Doll,1982)(,1991)(,1991;Kobayashietal.,1980)(,1997)4.3,,,(n=17),(Holmgren,1919;Baker,1965;Auld,1970),2,,,,,,,,;,1/2,,,,(1995),,,;,,,,,,5,,,,,5.1()(),,;(),,(),1),,1995,180,,,198619909,349,46,,30100200,1992,,:192BiodiversityScience9©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,,[(Cuscutaspp.)(Orobanchespp.)],,2),,,()(,1997;,,1998),,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,(,1997)3),5.2,1),,,,,2),,,,,,(Chondrillajuncea)(Opuntiainermis&O.stricta)(Salviniamoles2ta),(Carduusnutans)(,1998b)80,(Procecidochareutidis)(,1988),(Agasicleshy2grophila),(Zy2gogrammasuturalis)(,,1990),,2:193©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.(,1995),(Mycovellosiellaeupa2torii2odorati)(Al2ternariaalternata)(,,1991;Qiang&Summerell,1999;,1998a;,1991),,3),,,(Ca2januscajan),,,(Lacciferlacca),(,1988)(Loliumperenne)(Pinusyunnanensis)(Eucalyptusglobulus),(,,1988)4),,,,(,1997)6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1995..,9(2):4952,,1998..:(),.:,5861,1988..,10(8):614616,,,,,,1991..,21(4):245250,1995..,15(1):8995,,1990..,4(4):3538,,1988..,5(3):163168,1985..,1985,(1):6265,,,,1997..:(),.:,124139,,,,2000.(Mikaniami2cranthaH.B.K.).,8(2):128130,,,,,1997..,15(1):6672,1965..,4(1):4348(),1998..:,,1998..,12(1):5255,,,1985..,5(1):16,,LovettJV,1991..,10(5):4649,1998a..,16(4):354360,1998b..:(),21.:,8997,,2000..,9(4):3438,,2000..,9(1):4854,,1990..,14(3):213219,,,1988..,2(2):3940,,1993..:194BiodiversityScience9©1995-2004TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,1990..,22:3032,,1990..,4(1):4548,,HarrisP,1997..,13(1):3741,1995..,14(4):4853,,,,,,1997..,21(4):360366,,,1985...20(1):2122,1991..,5(4):1011,,,,1997..,15(3):281282,,1991..,5(1):611,,,,,,,1997..:(),,5962,,,1988..,4(1):1013,,1989..,3(2):3740,1999.1999.:,448456AngirasNN,SinghSDandSinghCM,1988.Allelopathiceffectsofweedsongerminationandseedlinggrowthofmaizeandsoybean.IndianJournalofWeedScience,20(2):8287AngirasNN,SinghSDandSinghCM,1989.Allelopathiceffectsofsomeweedsonger