2014考研英语长难句精讲班讲义

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1第一部分方法论讲解阅读在句子层面的障碍:含义语序简单句的障碍来源只有一套谓语的句子叫做简单句基本句型:主谓icomeisawiconquer主谓宾iloveyou主谓双宾ibringabooktoyou主谓宾补shemakesmecrazy主系表iamauglyman简单句的障碍识别及处理方法四大障碍:定语状语插入语同位语定语:在句子中修饰名词的成分叫做定语技能:高职,知识:本科,思维:研究生,思想:博士前置定语:形容词性的词+名词后置定语:前置形容词短语:形容词+介词+名词现在分词过去分词{}名词+.不定式(不定代词的定语置后)介词短语:介词+名词表语形容词:aliveacatalive定语从句(不属于简单句范畴)人称代词whowhomwhichthatas+非完整句关系代词物主代词whose+完整句引导词关系连词wherewhywhenhow+完整句宾语+非完整句Thisistheexperttowhomweareturning介词+关系代词充当状语+完整句Thereissomethingbythevirtueofwhichthemanistheman定语+完整句Therearealotofproblemsofwhichthefetchingfreshwateristheforemostbythevirtueof=bythereasonofthat与as不能接到介词后面(inthat引导的不是定语从句,而是状语从句表示的是because)拆分:介词之前;找指代:关系代词指代的是前面哪一个单词;定成分:介词+关系代词在句中做什么成分同位语普通同位语:A,BAorBAofB(正式universityofqinghua)在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分引导词that+完整句;处理方法:删除插入语处理方法:删除状语:修饰动词(谓语)或形容词、定语2副词介短现在分词其前面没有名词,有名词就是定语过去分词不定式独立主格处理方法:剥离(隔离)例1:Usingtechniques(方法,技法)firstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,extractingsamplesofsediments(沉淀物)androckfromtheoceanfloor.例2:AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinⅢofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensAndHamiltonofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiring(创造性的)artists,andestablishedintheirrespective(各自的)communities社区theideaofthevalueartandtheneedforinstitutions(制度)devotedtoitsencouragement.非简单句的障碍来源:如何拆分与组合非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原则关联词:关系代词关系连词标点(分号冒号破折号)并列连词主句专一原则:英语主句中只有一个主句一套谓语,主句中没有关联词;n个分句就有n-1个关联词句子之间的关联方式:1.并列并列联词(and,but,or,aswellas,与分号)的用法:连接前后功能、性质、用法完全一致的成分(对等的必须完全对等)从后往前寻找并列成分2.嵌套:主从复合常见的复杂句形式That+完整句宾从/表从It+不及动+that+从句What+非完整句主语从句thatwhathowwhywhenwho……特殊的(形式主语句)It+be+形容词+that+从句主语+不及动+that+从句Thesunrisesthatlooksgorgeous(that引导的是非完整句则为定语从句)主语+be+形容词+that+从句Thefactistruethatiloveyou(that引导的是完整句则为同位语从句)状语从句:wherewhenbecause……+完整句(要剥离,状语和状语从句在阅读时要剥离,否则要遭报应的,将同位语给删除掉,将插入语给删除掉,剩下的主谓宾是那么的可爱)层次化句子阅读方法(与计算机程序类似)1.层次化结构的表示形式□□□□□□□□32.括号匹配法:保证在每个括号中都是完整的简单句(适用于初级阶段使用)画左括号的条件:出现句间关联词的时候画右括号的条件:句子终结(出现终结标点句号;后续内容与前边无关);出现句间并列连词Kvinisagoodstudent【whoisstudyingintheBFSU【whichisagooduniversityinchina】】Kvin,【whoisstudyingintheBFSU【whichisagooduniversityinchina,】】isagoodstudentHowever,formanyyears,Physiciststhoughtthat【atomsandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously】andthat【stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.】小结区3.完整信息链法规则描述:笔记区例3:Thehistoryofclinicalnutritionor(or连接的同位语,后面直接删除不看,不用翻译,直接看到谓语canbe)thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances,canbedividedintofourdistincteras:【1thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcenturywhen(when前面有名词,所以when引导的是定语从句,when做连词)【2itwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat【3foodcontainedconstituents【4thatwereessentialforhumanfunction4】3】andthat(此that不做成分所以和第三个that并列)【differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents(成分).5】2】1】例4:Thedesperateplight(困境,保证)oftheSouthhaseclipsed(遮盖,日食)thefactthat【reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.(壮观地,引人注目地)括号内的副词不可能修饰括号外的动词】例5:Thetechnique方法(technology翻译为技术)ofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteen-centurytraditioninwhichthemakingofaclay(泥土,粘土)modelwasconsideredthecreativeact【andtheworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistantstobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble.】例1.Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods,sincethe1790's,andNorthAmericanentrepreneurs—evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements—hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess.例2.Trackingwhalesisbut(=only)oneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwar(冷战)astheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.例3.Thefactthatartisans,whowerelookedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury,arefrequentlyconsideredartiststodayisdirectlyattributabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury.(泛读)ABCBA(有里向外面翻译:CBBAA)例4:Anyonewhohashandledafossilizedboneknowsthatitisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart,themostobviousdifferencesbeingthatitisoftenmuchheavier.(词本无意,意由境生)(逗号不能连接句子,是独立主格,通常在独立主格前面可以加with,也可以省掉)4写作方法:1两个句子主语相同,保留主语,将句号变逗号,动词作如下变化am/is/arebeingwas/werehavingbeendo/doesdoingdidhavingdonebedonedone2两个句子主语不同,保留主语,将动词做一上变化完整信息链法:不完整情况:英语句子中主干部分被隔离(主谓隔离:主谓之间加入定语、同位语、插入语。句子开头的第一个名词就是句子主语应该和其相匹配的动词在一起谓宾隔离:在谓语和宾语之间加入状语,状语通常有介词短语充当)动+介+名1+名2(名词1如果修饰名词2,名词2前面就不可能当有冠词,名词修饰名词不多见,如果修饰了,此时名词1已经变为形容词了)(介词+名词1做的是状语,动词去读名词2)非正常语序:倒装与强调句(省略)倒装句的分析方法:先识别,然后处理1.部分倒装的处理方法:情态动词、系动词和助动词置于主语之前叫做部分倒装情态动词、系动词要还原助动词要去掉2.完全倒装的处理方法:谓语前的部分到谓语后,谓语后的部分到谓语前;即谓语前后部分颠倒2.1完全倒装的存在环境:主系表倒装为表系主2.2能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份:名/Pronoun/todo(Pro代理proxyserver代理服务器)adjVingVingVed表语adj短语:adj+介+名Of+名词介短n/pronoun/todo方位副词也能作表语,相当于介词短语2.3完全倒装的判断流程Ving是做的形容词性的现在分词,还是名词性的动名词,判断倒装流程:一:当adj性的词置于句首不修饰名词时(修饰名词的话就是充当定语,而不是表语了),后面出现系动词,可判断为倒装。二:当开头为Vi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