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6,3,19988CHINESEBIODIVERSITY6(3):180185,August,1998:1997-08-22;:1997-12-18(,100080)(usevalue,UV)(non2useval2ues,NUV)(directusevalues,DUV),(indi2rectusevalues,IUV)(optionvalues,OV),(existencevalues,EV),,,,,,Theeconomicvalueofbiodiversity/GUOZhong2Wei,LIDian2MuoAbstractConceptually,thetotaleconomicvalueofresourceconsistsofitsusevalueandnon2usevalue.Usevaluemaybebrokendownfurtherintothedirectusevalue,theindirectusevalueandtheoptionvalue(orpo2tentialusevalue).Therealizationwaysoftheusevaluesofbiodiversityaredifferentbecauseofthedifferencesofuseableways.Someusevaluesprovidedbybiodiveristycannotrealizeonthespotusually.Theseusevaluesmaytransferspatiallybyacertainofpassagestoattaintoaspotwheresomesuitableexternalconditionareprovidedtorealizethem.Thatphenomenoniscallasthetransferofvalueofbiologicalresourcespatially.Keywordsbiodiversity,economicvalue,conservationAuthorsaddressInstituteofZoology,theChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing1000801992,,:,,,,,[1]1?[2],,,,,,?:1),,,;2)Mohan[3]:,(usevalue,UV)(non2usevalues,NUV)(di2rectusevalues,DUV)(indirectusevalues,IUV)(optionvalues,OV),(existencevalues,EV),(willingnesstopay,WTP)[147],,WTP,,;,,;,,[8]DavidDominic[1](be2questvalues,BV),Arrow[9](passiveuseval2ue),,,RandallStoll[10]:,,WTP()(),,,,(motive)[1114]:1)(vicariousmotive)(vicariousvalue)WTP,;2)(altruismmotive)(altruismvalue),WTP,;3)(bequestmotive)(bequestvalue)WTP;4)(giftmotive)WTP,;5)(sympathymotive),WTP;6)(steward2shipmotive)Gaian,WTP,;7)(rightmotive),,WTP,;8)(commitment1813:motive),WTP,;9)(ethicmotive)(preservativevalue),WTP(totaleconomicvalues,TEV),:TEV=UV+NUV=(DUV+IUV+OV)+(EV+BV),()Turn2er[15],,,,,,,2,,,(externaleconomics);(externaldiseco2nomics),[1618]:,,(publicgoods)[13]:,;,,,,,(non2priced)(non2marketvalue)(socialcapital),,(),,3DixonSherman[19]PerringsPearce[20]:,;,,,(),,,2816?DavidDominic[1]:1)[21](marketfailure);2),,(inter2ventionfailure);3),,(globalappropriationfailure)1(1)Fig.1ThemeasureofeconomicfailuresDavidDominic[1]1,MPBi(marginalprivatebenefits),MCi(marginalcost)MPBiMCi,,Lp,,MCiMCiSUB,SUB,Lp+sLpLp+s(GF)1MECi,(marginalexternalcost),(),LnLnLp,,LnLp(localmarketfailure,LMF),LgLn(globalmarketfailure,GMF),1PL=MCi+MECi+MECg,,:,4,,,,3813:,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5,,,:,,1PearceD,MoranD.Theeconomicvalueofbiodiversity.Cambridge:IUCN,19942,..:,,:,1994,1123MunasingheM,McNeelyJ.Economicandpolicyissuesinnaturalhabitatsandprotectedareas.In:Munas2ingheM,McNeelyJ(eds.),ProtectedAreaEconomicsandPolicy,Cambridge:IUCN,1994,15494KalleSetal.WillingnesstopayforenvironmentalgoodsinNorway:acontingentvaluationstudywithrealpayment.Environmentalresourceeconomics,1992,2:911065BergstromJetal.Economicvalueofwetlands2basedrecreation.EcologicalEconomics,1990,12(2):1291486BickmoreCJ,WilliamsA.Merseybarragefeasibilitystudy:apracticalapplicationofenvironmentaleco2nomics.In:MunasingheM,McNeelyJ(eds.),ProtectedAreaEconomicsandPolicy,Cambridge:IUCN,1994,2212277GrenIM,GrothKHetal.,EconomicvaluesofDanubefloodplain.J.Environ.Manage,1995,45(4):3333458RandallA,StollJR.Existencevalueinatotalvaluationframework.In:RowRD,ChestnutLG(eds.),Managingairqualityandscenicresourcesatnationalparksandwildernessareas.Boulder,Colorado:West2viewPress,19839ArrowKetal.ReportoftheNOAApaneloncontingentvaluations.USFederalRegister,1993,58(10):48164602461410RosenthalD,NelsonR.Whyexistencesvalueshouldnotbeusedincost2benefitanalysis.JournalofPolicyAnalysisandManagement,1992,11(1):11612211DouglasMLetal.Cannon2usevaluesbemeasuredformobservablebehavior.AmericanJournalofAgricul2turalEconomics.1992,74(4):1114112012GlennWH.Valuingpublicgoodswiththecontingentvaluationmethod:acritiqueofKahnemanandKnetsch.Journalofenvironmentaleconomicsandmanagement.1992,23:24825713DanielKetal.Valuingpublicgoods:thepurchaseofmoralsatisfaction.JournalofEnvironmentalEconomicsandManagement.1992,22:577014DavidSBetal.Valuingoption:existenceandbequestdemandsforwilderness.LandEconomics.1984,60(1):142815TurnerK,JonesT.Wetlands:Marketandinterventionfailures;fourcasestudies.London:Earthscan,199116IanB.Recentdevelopmentsintheevaluationofnon2timberforestproducts:theextendedCBAmethod.QuarterlyJournalofForestry.1991,85(2):9010217KerryVS.Non2marketvaluationofenvironmentalresource:aninterpretiveappraisal.LandEconomics.1993,69(1):12618DavidSBetal.Existencevaluesandnormativeeconomics:implicationforvaluingwaterresources.WaterRe2sourcesResearch,1986,22(11):1509151819DixonJA,ShermanPB.Economicsofprotectedareas,anewlookatthebenefitsandcosts.London:Earth2scan,199020PerringsC,PearceDW.Thresholdeffectsandincentivesfortheconservationofbiodiversity.EnvironmentalandResourceEconomics,1994,4:132821..:,198322CharlesMP,AlwynGHetal.ValuationofanAmazonianrainforest.Nature,1989,Vol.339129:65565623McNeelyJA.Economicincentivesforconservingbidiversity:lessonsforAfrica.AMBIO,1993,22(23):14415024McNeelyJA.Thesinkingark:pollutionandtheworldwidelossofbiodiversity.BiodiversityandConserva2tion,1992,1:21825McNeelyJAetal.Strategiesofconservingbiodiversity.Environment,1990,32(3):164226CachaMDM.Startingresourceaccountinginprotectedareas.In:MunasingheM,M