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1现在完成时一、现在完成时标志性时间状语sofar(到目前为止),inthepast/last+一段时间(在过去的…里),tillnow/uptonow,(直到现在)inrecentyears/…(在最近…),recently(最近),sincethen/eversince二、现在完成时的构成（一）肯定式主语＋助动词have／has＋过去分词＋其它1）I'vejustcopiedallthenewwords.我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了)2）Shehaslostherbooks.她丢失了她的书。（表示到目前为止还没有找到）3）We'vejustcleanedtheclassroom.我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）（二）否定式主语＋助动词have／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have／has后面加not就行。havenot,hasnot的缩略式分别为haven't,hasn't。1）Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.我还没有完成我的作业。2）Shehasn'ttravelledonatrain.她没有坐火车旅行过。3）Wehaveneverspokentoaforeigner.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。（三）一般疑问式助动词Have／Has＋主语＋过去分词＋其它?肯定回答用“Yes,主语＋have／has．否定回答用“No,主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No,notyet．／No,never．”等。1）—Haveyouevermadedumplings?你曾经做过饺子吗?—Yes,Ihave.是的，我做过。2）—Hassheeverbeenabroad?她曾经出过国吗?—No,never.不，从来没有。3）—Havetheyfoundthelostbooksyet?他们已经找到了丢失的书吗?—Yes，theyhave．是的，他们找到了。三、现在完成时的用法(一)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经）,yet（还、已经）,just(刚刚、仅仅),ever（曾经）,never（从不）,before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：1）I'vealreadyreadthisbook.我已经读过这本书了。（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）2）I'vewashedmyclothesalready．我已经洗了衣服。（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：3）Haveyoumethimalready?你（真的）已经见过他了?2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：1）—Hashefoundhiswatchyet?他已经找到他的手表了吗?—No,notyet．不，还没有。2）Thewomanhasn'tfoundherdogyet.2那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：Hehasjustcomebackfromschool．他刚从学校回来。4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：1）HaveyoueverbeentoHongKong?你曾去过香港吗?2）Ihaven'teverspokentoher.我未曾和她说过话。5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：Ihavenevertravelledbyplanebefore.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：1）HaveyoubeentoHainanbefore?你以前去过海南吗?2）Ihaven'teatenGuangdongfoodbefore．我以前没吃过广东菜。(二)持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去某一时间开始并持续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的动作或状态，可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。此时常与“for＋一段时间或“since＋过去的时间点或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及howlong(多久)等时间状语连用。1）I'velivedheresince2000.=I'velivedheresince15yearsago.=I'velivedherefor15years.=Itis15yearssinceIbegantolivehere.2）Ihaven'tseenhimforthreeyears.=Ihaven'tseenhimsincethreeyearsago=Itis3yearssinceIsawhimlasttime.3）MrWanghasworkedinthefactorysincehecametothecity.4）She'sbeenatthisschoolsincefiveyearsago．注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从…到现在）引出的时间状语连用。②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用Howlong1）他入团两年了。误：HehasjoinedtheLeaguefortwoyears．正：HehasbeenaLeaguememberfortwoyears．2）我买这辆自行车三年了。误：Ihaveboughtthisbikeforthreeyears．正：Ihavehadthisbikeforthreeyears．部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：fallasleep→beasleepfinish(end)→beovercomeback→bebackbegin／start→beonopen→beopenbuy→havedie→bedeadmarry/getmarried→bemarriedbecome-----bereach/arrive/get/come(to)→be(in/at)close→beclosedcatch(acold)→have(acold)join→bein／bea…go/leave／move+beaway(from)borrow→keepjointheleague/theParty/thearmy→bealeague/aPartymember/asoldier→beamemberoftheleague/theParty→beintheLeague/theParty/theArmy1)Hejoinedtheleaguein2002.He_________________a__________________fortwoyears.He________________a_____________________the__________fortwoyears.3He__________________________________theleaguefortwoyears.(三)hasgone(to),hasbeen(to),hasbeen(in)的区别Have/Hasgone(to):已去…(现在不在说话现场)Whereisyourfather?HehasgonetoShanghai.Have/Hasbeen(to):去过…（已不在去过的地方）MyfatherhasbeentoShanghai.Have/hasbeenin：呆在…（还在所呆的地方）MyfatherhasbeeninShanghaifortwomonths./sincetwomonthsago.巩固练习一、用since和for填空1.______twoyears2._______twoyearsago3._______lastmonth4.______19995._______yesterday6._______4o’clock7.______4hours8._______anhourago9._______wewerechildren10._____lunchtime11.______shelefthere12.HehaslivedinNanjing________theyearbeforelast.13.I’veknownhim__________wewerechildren.14.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese_________threeyears.15.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity___________abouttenyears.16.It’sabouttenyears__________sheleftthecity.二、单项选择1.---Jack,Ihaven’tseenyourbrotherforalongtime.---He_________Shanghaionbusinessfortwomonths.A.wenttoB.hasgonetoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeento2.—Howcleanthebedroomis!—Yes,Iamsurethatsomeone________it.A.cleansB.cleanedC.hascleanedD.hadcleaned3.—Whatabeautifulwatch!Isitnew?—No,Ihave_______itfor2years.A.hadB.soldC.borrowedD.bought4.JackandSusan_______eachothersincetheywerechildren,sonobodywassurprisedtohearthattheyweremarried.A.knewB.hadknownC.haveknownD.wereknown5.---Howaboutseeingthefilmwithme?---Sorry.I______ittwice.A.amseeingBwillseeC.seeD.haveseen6.Althoughthisvillageisn’tbig,alltheothervillagesI________sofararesmaller.A.visitedB.havevisitedC.wouldvisitD.visit7.--–________haveyoustudiedinthisschool?----Sincefiveyearsago.A.HowsoonB.HowlongC.HowmanyD.Howoften8.—CanyougivemesomeinformationaboutParis?---Sorry,I________toParis,soIknownothingaboutit.A.don’ttravelB.won’ttravelC.haven’ttraveledD.hadn’ttraveled9.—Kelly,howlong______you_______inthisschool?---Forthreeyears.I’llgraduateinJuly.4A.have;studiedB.do;studyC.will;studyD.had;studied10.MyfriendLiXiaoknowsmyhometownverywellbecausehe____theremanytimeswithme.A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.hadgoneD.went11.——I___cleaningmybedroom.It’