2015届高三英语(新课标)二轮复习专题限时训练科普知识型阅读理解(带解析)

-1-专题限时训练[科普知识型阅读理解(一)](限时：25分钟)(一)DNAleftatacrimescenecouldbeusedinthefuturetobuildupapictureofanoffender'sface,whichwasrevealedtonight.AfirststeptowardsgeneticmugshotshasbeentakenbyresearchersintheUSwholinkspecificDNAmarkerswithfaceshapes.Toidentifythegenes,theyfocusedonknownmutations(突变)thatcausechangesofthefaceandhead.Normalversionsofthesegeneswerefoundtoinfluenceindividualfeatures.Forinstance,onegeneaffectedthelips,anothertheshapeandconfigurationofbonesaroundtheeyes,andathirdtheappearanceofthemid­faceandskull.Intotal,20geneshad“significanteffects”onfacialappearance.LeadscientistProfessorMarkShriver,fromthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,said,“WeuseDNAtomatchtoanindividualoridentifyanindividual,butwecangetsomuchmorefromDNA.Currentlywecan'tgofromDNAtoaface,orfromafacetoDNA,butitshouldbepossible.”Theimplicationsarefar­reaching,raisingthepossibilityofcreatingadatabankoffacialtypesbasedongeneticmarkers.DNAfromacrimescenecouldthenbeusedtoproducearoughimageofthefaceofanoffenderorvictim.Suchgeneticmugshotsmaybemorereliablethancomputer­generated“E­fits”basedonwitnesses'memory.Otherusesofthetechniquemightincludeprovingtheidentitiesoffathersinpaternitycases,orvisualizingourremoteancestorsfromfossilDNA.ThescientistswroteintheonlinejournalPublicLibraryofScienceGenetics，“Suchpredictivemodellingcouldbeforensicallyuseful.Forexample,DNAleftatcrimescenescouldbetestedandfacescouldbepredictedinordertohelptonarrowthepoolofpotentialsuspects.Further,ourmethodscouldbeusedtopredictthefacialfeaturesofdescendants,deceasedancestors,andevenextincthumanspecies.Inaddition,thesemethodscouldprovetobeusefuldiagnostictools.”TheteamdevelopedamodelwhichfirstestablishedarangeofphysicalfaceshapesfrompeopleofmixedWestAfricanandEuropeanancestryfromtheUS,BrazilandCapeVerde.Measurementsweretakenofthousandsofpointcoordinatesongridsplacedover3­Dimagesofthefaces.Statisticalmethodswerethenusedtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenfacialdifferencesandtheeffectsofgenders,ethnicancestryandindividualgenevariants.1．Theunderlinedword“mugshots”inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans“________”．A．differentfacesB．characteristicsC．picturesoffacesD．genders2．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．DNAhasbeenusedtobuildupapictureofanoffender'sface.B．ItmaybemucheasiertocatchcriminalswiththehelpofDNA.C．Inall,20geneshad“significanteffects”onfacialappearance.D．Onegenecanaffectmorethanonepartofyourface.3．AccordingtoProfessorMarkShriver,weknow________.A．theycanmerelymatchtoanindividualoridentifyanindividualB．thereisapossibilityofgoingfromDNAtoafaceC．DNAcouldbeusedtoproducearoughimageofanoffender'sfaceD．thistechnologyismorereliablethancomputer­generated“E­fits”4．Whatisthemostpossibletitleofthepassage?A．CreatingadatabankofDNAB．RecognizingtheDNAofcriminalsC．PredictingthelocationsofoffencesusingDNAD．Buildingupanimageofanoffender'sfacefromDNA(二)TheextraordinaryEastgateBuildinginHarare,Zimbabwe'scapitalcity,issaidtobetheonlyoneintheworldtousethesamecoolingandheatingprinciplesasthetermitemound(白蚁堆)．ArchitectMickPearceusedpreciselythesamestrategywhendesigningtheEastgateBuilding,whichhasnoairconditioningandalmostnoheating.Thebuilding—thecountry'slargest-2-commercialandshoppingcomplex—useslessthan10%oftheenergyofaconventionalbuildingofitssize.TheEastgate'sownerssaved3.5millionona36millionbuildingbecauseairconditioningplantdidn'thavetobeimported.Thecomplexisactuallytwobuildingslinkedbybridgesacrossashady,glass­roofedatrium(天井)opentotheair.Fanssuckfreshairinfromtheatrium,blowitupstairsthroughhollowspacesunderthefloorsandfromthereintoeachofficethroughbaseboardvents(通风口).Asitrisesandwarms,itisdrawnoutviaceilingventsandfinallyexiststhroughforty­eightbrickchimneys.Duringsummer'scoolnights,bigfansblowairthroughthebuildingseventimesanhourtocooltheemptyfloors.Byday,smallerfansblowtwochangesofairanhourthroughthebuildingtocirculatetheairwhichhasbeenincontactwiththecoolfloors.Forwinterdays,therearesmallheatersinthevents.ThisisallpossibleonlybecauseHarareis1,600feetabovesealevel,andhascloudlessskies,littledampnessandrapidtemperatureswings—daysaswarmas31℃commonlydropto14℃atnight.“Youcouldn'tdothisinNewYork,withitsfantasticallyhotsummersandfantasticallycoldwinters，”Pearcesaid.TheengineeringfirmofOveArup&Partnersmonitorsdailytemperatures.Itisfoundthatthetemperatureofthebuildinghasgenerallystayedbetween23℃and25℃，withtheexceptionoftheannualhotperiodjustbeforethesummerrainsinOctoberandthreedaysinNovember,whenadoorkeeperaccidentallyswitchedoffthefansatnight.Andtheairisfresh—farmoresothaninair­conditionedbuildings,whereupto30%oftheairisrecycled.5．WhywasEastgatecheapertobebuiltthanaconventionalbuilding?A．Itwasdesignedinasmallersize.B．Noairconditionerswerefixedin.C．Itsheatingsystemwaslessadvanced.D．Itusedratherdifferentbuildingmaterials.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”refertoinParagraph3?A．Freshairfromoutside.B．Heatinthebuilding.C．Ahollowspace.D．Abaseboardvent.7．WhywouldabuildinglikeEastgatenotworkefficientlyinNewYork?A．NewYorkhaslessclearskiesasHarare.B．Itsdampnessaffectsthecirculationofair.C．NewYorkcoversalargerarea