专题十介词和介词短语◆介词和介词短语的考查要点介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at,in,for等;合成介词,如within,inside,onto,throughout等;短语介词,如accordingto,outof,becauseof,bymeansof,inspiteof,insteadof等;双重介词,如frombehind/above/under,untilafter等;分词介词,如considering,including,judging(from/by)等。1.介词搭配(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of连用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of,from,into连用)④介词+the+部位与动词的关系(=动词+sb.’s+部位,可换用)strikehimonthehead(表示“击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与on连用)catchhimbythearm(表示“抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与by连用)hittheboyintheface(表示“肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(表示“阻止,禁止”意义的动词与from连用)⑥persuade(advise,warn)sb.intodoingsth.(表示“说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与into连用)⑦buy(leave,get,win,gain,lose)sth.forsb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)⑧tell(show,teach,sing,write,read)sth.tosb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)⑨give(allow,promise,pass,hand)sth.tosb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buysb.sth.,tellsb.sth.,givesb.sth.双宾结构。⑩saytosb.(suggest,explain,apologize,murmur,whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggestsb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。replytotheletter回信,sing(dance)tothemusic和……唱(跳),amountto达到,加起来有……,devoteto把……贡献给,drinkto为……干杯,objectto反对,lookforwardto渴望,cometo苏醒,belongto属于,searchfor搜……,askfor请求,use...for用作,leavefor前往,take...for误以为,callfor要求,waitfor等待,carefor喜欢,makeupfor弥补损失,turnto求助/救于,helponeselfto随意,agreeto同意,compare...to把……比作,sendfor派人去请/拿……,sailfor驶向,起航,setoutfor动身去,goinfor爱好……(3)常见“形容词+介词”搭配。worthyof值得的,gladaboutsth.forsb.为某人某事高兴,farfrom离……远,gratefultosb.forsth.为某事感激某人,freefrom没有……/免除……,proudof/takepridein自豪,satisfiedwith/by满意,sureof/about确信,fondof喜欢,fitfor适合,busywithsth./indoingsth.忙着干某事,fullof充满,readyfor准备,similarto相似,wrongwith不对;有毛病……(4)“名词+介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof/forenteringcollege上大学的机会takeprideinthem为他们感到骄傲thekeytothequestion问题的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的药theticketfortomorrow明天的票hisabsenceinBeijing他去了北京fromBeijing他不在北京thewaytostudy学习方法ofstudyingmaths学习数学的方法题组训练1用适当的介词填空1.Ouropinionsonlanguagelearningdiffergreatlyfromeachother’sinthatrespect.2.Ourteacheroftenasksustoretellstoriesinourownwords.3.I’vepromisedtokeepitsecret,soIcan’treallytellyouanythingbeyondwhatyouknowalready.4.Withtimepassingby,theyhavegrownintobigboysandbiggirls.5.Whatwasthecauseofthefire?2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词in,如:inthe1990s,intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。注意:①atnight/atnoon,intheday(在白天),inthenight(在夜间)。②infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in意思是“在……以后”。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。onSunday(s),onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(但atChristmas),onChristmasEve,onChildren’sDayonMarch8,onthemorning(afternoon,evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别:inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight,onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)attheageof15,atthetimeofwar(但intimeofdanger/trouble)注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。nextday,lastSunday,thatmorning,theseyearsone,each,any,every,some,all修饰时,一般不用介词,如someday,oneday,allafternoon。(4)till,until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.(不可用to).注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9a.m.didMr.Smithcomebacktoschool.(5)in,later,after①in+一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。②一段时间+later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。③after+一段时间:表示“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after+点时间,用于各种时态。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981,andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外,in+一段时间+’s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下:inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within=inlessthan...用于各种时态,意为“不超出,在……之内”)(6)地点介词at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over,above,under,below。①at在较小的场所,in在较大的场所,on在……的平面上。如atthedoor,attheairport,atthestation,at55ParkStreet,inChina,inthenorth,inAsia,onthedesk,onthewall等。②on,at,in,off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接,用on;无边缘的衔接,用to;A在B附近,用off。JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范围之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范围之内)HunanProvinceliesonthewestofHubeiProvince.(毗邻)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔一定距离)③across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.④over,above译作“在……之上”;under,below译作“在……的下面”,其区别在于over,under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above,below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平线).Thewindowiswellabovethetree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如:Herentahousebytheyear(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称,但tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计)。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail邮寄,bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV),byelectricity用电,bymachinery用电器,byhardwork,learnsth.byheart,throughthesatellite,through