2015届高考英语热点题型和提分必备专题01名词[来源学优高考网327680]

专题一名词【高频考点解读】名词是高考每年必考的语法项目。近三年的考查要点主要集中在名词辨析上，特别是抽象名词的辨析。不仅是单项填空，而且完形填空中也大量出现。其他常考的语法点还有：①抽象名词具体化；②专有名词普通化；③与冠词的连用；④固定搭配。【热点题型】题型一考查名词词义辨析例1、Teachershavetoconstantlyupdatetheirknowledgeinordertomaintaintheirprofessional________.A．consequenceB．independenceC．competenceD．intelligence【提分秘籍】1.近五年高考常考的名词：accent，account，aspect，attitude，attempt，atmosphere，advantage，average，admission，ambition，anniversary，appointment，anxiety，appetite，conclusion，contrast，challenge，consequence，direction，evidence，emergency，effect，effort，function，insurance，intelligence，identity，impression，occasion，occupation，summary，sympathy，standard，sign，ficance，schedule，principle，potential，welfare2.近五年高考常考的名词短语：aseriesof，arangeof，avarietyof，findfaultwith，makesense，makeadifferenceto【举一反三】—CanIhelpyouwithit?—Iappreciateyour________，butIcanmanageitmyself.A．adviceB．questionC．offerD．idea【热点题型】题型二考查抽象名词例2、—Ifinditverydifficulttoread________novelyoulentmelastweek.—Yes.It'snecessarytohave________goodknowledgeofhistory.A．the；/B．a；/C．the；aD．a；a解析第一空特指对方上周所借给“我”的小说，故应填定冠词；但考生可能以为第二空后面是抽象名词，为不可数名词，不填冠词，于是错选A。然而，此处knowledge之前应用不定冠词，haveagoodknowledgeof意为“对……很了解”，是固定搭配，故正确答案为C。答案C【提分秘籍】英语中，有些抽象名词，如：knowledge，history，failure，success，help，pleasure，surprise，honour等表示抽象概念时，其前面不用不定冠词，如：withpleasure，insurprise等。但是，当表示具体的概念时，其前面应用不定冠词，也可以用其复数形式。【举一反三】—Whatdoyouthinkofthemanagerofyourcompany?—Oh，heis________managerwho'spleasanttoworkwith.It's________pleasuretoworkwithhim.A．the；aB．a；aC．a；theD．/；a解析第一空用不定冠词表示类别，意思是“他是那种很好相处的经理”；第二空apleasure的意思是“一件愉快的事”，这里是抽象名词具体化。故答案为B。答案B【热点题型】题型三名词的所有格例3、The________shoeswerecoveredwithmud,soIaskedthemtotakethemoffbeforetheygotinto________car.A．girl's;Tom'sB．girls';Toms'C．girls';Tom'sD．girl's;Toms'答案：C根据题干后半部分的them可知第一个空应用复数的所有格girls'；第二个空用Tom's表示“汤姆的”。【提分秘籍】1．以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“'”。如：theteachers'reading­room/tenminutes'walk2．复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“'s”。如：Women'sDay/theChildren'sPalace3．名词并列时，所有格的形式不同，其含义不同。如：TomandBob'sdesk汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)Tom'sandBob'sdesks汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有)4．双重所有格。(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词，如a/two/some/any/no等时，表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：afriendofmybrother's/his我弟弟的/他的一个朋友severalstudentsofMr.Smith's/mine史密斯先生的/我的几个学生(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时，of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：ThatlittlesonofXiaoLi's/yoursisreallylovely.小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。Thisinventionoftheprofessor's/hisisofgreatimportance.教授的/他的这项发明很重要。【举一反三】—Pardon？Whowillcome?—________.A．ThefriendofMr.Green'sB.Afriendofateacher'sC．TheauntofTom'sD．Acousinofmyfather's【热点题型】题型四固定搭配例4、Itisno________arguingwithBillbecausehewillneverchangehismind.A．useB．helpC．timeD．way【提分秘籍】做此类题目的时候，看懂句子的意思固然重要，牢记短语在不同语境中的用法也是必不可少的。下面所列的是常考的含有名词的固定搭配：have/gainaccessto可以获得gain/haveanadvantageover胜过，优于takeadvantageof利用，趁……之机makefunof取笑，嘲弄【举一反三】Itissaidthatdogswillkeepyou________foraslongasyouwantwhenyouarefeelinglonely.A．safetyB．companyC．houseD．friend解析句意：据说当你感到孤独的时候，狗会一直陪伴你。keepsbcompany意为“陪伴某人”。答案B【高考风向标】1.（2014福建卷）26.—Couldyoutellmethe____ofmakingsuchtastycakes?—Well,Ijustfollowthedirectonsinthecookbook.A.featureB.planC.costD.trick2.（2014湖北卷）21.Her______forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.A.motivationB.qualificationC.talentD.technique【答案】A【解析】本题考察的是名词词义辨析。A动机，动力，诱因；B资格；C才能，才干；D技术；技巧；句意：她写作的动力是为了让女性得到更高教育的权利。根据本句后半句adesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation可知叙述的是她为什么要进行写作，也就是她写作的动机。故A正确。3.（2014湖北卷）22.WhenRichardsaid,“Youaremuchmoreagreeableandprettiernow,”Joan’sfaceturnedredattheunexpected______.A.commandB.comparisonC.complimentD.contribution【答案】C【解析】本题考察名词词义辨析。A命令，指挥；B比较；C恭维，赞美，敬意；贺词；D贡献，捐助，捐赠；敬意：当Richard说：现在的你更令人愉快更漂亮。由于这个没有预料到恭维的Joan的脸变红了。根据引号里的“Youaremuchmoreagreeableandprettiernow,”可知这是Rechard对Joan的赞美。根据句意说明C正确。4.（2014江苏卷）27.Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerfulinlastyear'selection.A.symbolB.portraitC.identityD.statue5.（2014天津卷）3.Windisnowtheworld’sfastestgrowing________ofpower.A.sourceB.senseC.resultD.root6.（2014浙江卷）6.Wemostprefertosayyestothe______ofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attemptsB.requestsC.doubtsD.promises【答案】B【解析】名词attempt尝试；企图；request请求；doubt怀疑；promise诺言；我们更喜欢同意那些我们了解和喜欢的人的请求。根据句意说明B项request与上下文语境相符。故B正确。7．(2013·湖北，21)Poetrywrittenfromthe________oftheurbanyouthtendstorevealtheiranxietyoveralackofsenseofbelonging.A．perspectiveB．priorityC．participationD．privilege8．(2013·湖北，22)Carbondioxide,whichmakesa________betweenusandthesun,preventsheatfromgettingoutoftheatmosphereeasily,sotheearthisbecomingwarmer.A．differenceB．comparisonC．connectionD．barrier9．(2013·江苏，33)Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures，Americanfoodculturecantakea________forthebetter.A．shareB．chanceC．turnD．lead10．(2013·江西，22)WheneverImademistakes，theteacherpointedthemoutwith________.A．curiosityB．satisfactionC．envyD．patience11．(2013·辽宁，23)Theaccidentcausedsome________tomycar，butit'snothingserious.A．harmB．injuryC．ruinD．damage12．(2013·天津，7)WhileshewasinParis，shedevelopeda________forfineart.A．wayB．relationC．tasteD．habit13．(2013·浙江，4)Astheworld'spopulationcontinuestogrow，the________offoodbecomesmoreandmoreofaconcern.A．worthB．supplyC．packageD．list【随堂巩固】1．—Ireallyadmirethepeoplefullof______.I'malwaystired.—You'dbettertak