2016版高二英语专题15阅读理解技能训练-破解推测词汇含义题暑假作业(含解析)

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1专题15阅读理解技能训练---破解推测词汇含义题【理论回顾】解题思路与应试技巧:做这种类型的题,要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生,我们要特别注意熟词生义,切不可脱离语境主观臆断。下面结合近几年高考试题,对词义猜测的技巧加以解读。1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如(1)Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面thatis(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。(2)Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。2、根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释,这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如1.Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8a.m.—thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。2.Theword“favouritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat________.A.brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs.B.childrenfromwell-respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobsC.poorchildrenwithcertificatesarefavouredinjobmarketsD.childrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess【点拨】B。请看原文:Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavourtismwillreplaceequality.2破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的,二者是同位关系,因此要猜测favourtism的意思可从前面句子的意思入手。答案为B。3、根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测在英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀,在后面加后缀,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是新词,但掌握了一定的构词知识,就不难猜出它的词义。例如1.“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,”Anacleriosaid,“andthey’reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的,活跃的)而构成的,同时根据上下文的意思可以判断,该词的含义应是“互动的”。2.Theunderlinedword“fixture”inParagraph3probablyreferstosomething______.A.thatpeopleenjoyeatingB.thatisalwayspresentC.thatisdifficulttogetD.thatpeopleuseasagift【解析】B。请看文章原句:Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.从文章意思可知,这种新型菠萝很畅销,当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知,该词的词根是fix,含有“固定”之意。4、根据因果关系进行猜测在一篇阅读文章中,根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。1.Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigiousuniversity,theyfearthatmanyoflife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed.”学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学,而没有“名校”的毕业文凭,将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知Aprestigiousuniversity应是afamousuniversity(名校)。2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”inParagraph4probablymean?A.keepeverythingoutofcampgroundsB.takeawayeverythingyoubringinC.carryallthenecessaryfood3D.lookafteryourpersonalbelongings【解析】B。细读该段文字:Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.根据因果关系可知,不要留下任何参观访问的迹象,因此要把带进来的所有东西都带出大峡谷。5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。例如1.LikeSchmid,theeditorsofseveralself-publishedartmagazinesalsochampion(捍卫)foundphotographs.Oneofthem,calledsimplyFound,wasbornonesnowynightinChicago,whenDavyRothbardreturnedtohiscartofindunderhiswiper(雨刷)anangrynoteintendedforsomeoneelse:“Why’syourcarHEREatHERplace?”them指的是前面出现的self-publishedartmagazines。However,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所问的问题(thequestion)。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph5referto?A.Atypeofice-saltmixture.B.Anewlyfoundprotein.C.Fishblood.D.Sugarmolecule.【解析】B。请看原文第5段:Thescientists’nextresearchjobwasclear:Findoutwhatinthefish’sbloodkeptitfromfreezing.Theirsearchledtosomereallystrangethingmadeupofaprotein(蛋白质)neverbeforeseeninthebloodofafish.Whenitwasremoved,thebloodfrozeatseawatertemperature.Whenitwasputback,thebloodagainhaditsantifreezequalityandaloweredfreezingpoint.代词it通常代替前文出现的名词或代词,根据上文出现的名词protein,再结合语境,it应该就是指这种特殊蛋白质。6、根据同义关系进行猜测4当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时,其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,由此可推知其大致意思。【考例】.Theunderlinedword“compassion”inParagraph6istheclosestinmeaningto________.A.pityB.praiseC.supportD.popularity【点拨】A。快速阅读第六段的相关信息:“Romehastriedtoprotectfishmorethananywhereelseintheworld.Itstandsoutforrecognizingthatfishareinterestinganimalswhodeserve(值得)overrespectandcompassioneverybitasmuchasdogsandcatsandotheranimals,”saidKarinRobertson,adirectorofthePeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimals.由并列连词and可知compassion与respect是同义(近义)词,从文章传达的信息可知,罗马比世界上其它地方更注重保护鱼类,认为鱼类像猫、狗以及其它动物一样应该得到尊重和“怜惜”。与respect意义相近的词是pity。7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如1.Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.从前后两句的意思可以看出,hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难,麻烦”。2.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折,因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”,因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。【想一想】掌握词义猜测的技巧对阅读有什么好处?【练一练】巩固练习5Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.First,youmustaskyourself,“Whereisthewindcomingfrom?Isitcomingfromaheadorbehindorfromtheside?”Youmustthinkaboutthisallthetimeontheboat.Thewinddirectiontellsyouwhattodowiththesail.Let'sstartwiththewindblo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