日托福阅读真题第一篇:版本一:暂停/休眠效应阅读第一篇,动物植物适应恶略环境的一种方式。1)一个种子休眠了10000年在三天时间就萌发了。2)红袋鼠为例,同时有3个baby,一个在crouch外,一个在里面,一个怀着。袋鼠在袋里那个不能出去的情况下会freeze胚胎那个的发育。版本二:dispause(不记得怎么拼了)一种resistencestage,相当于动物的冬眠。讲了一种种子,waittheenvironmentbecomesfavorable才发芽。然后讲了predictable的环境比unpredictable的更好。然后青蛙的例子,在干旱的时候藏在土里,下雨的时候mates,然后youngcanbecomematureinashortperiod。还有袋鼠的例子,生三个宝宝,一个刚好离开口袋,一个在口袋,一个在肚子里。版本三:标题忘了,关于动植物如何度过艰苦环境什么的P1总体介绍reststage,来节约能量等环境好的时候再繁殖等,举了某种seed的例子,说明reststage的时间可能非常唱。P2可预测的环境变化比如季节变化好处理,而不可预测的环境变化相对麻烦。P3两种方法处理这种不可预测的环境变化P4第一种,d开头的什么单词,举了袋鼠的例子,保证任何时候袋鼠妈妈都有三个处于不同stage的孩子,环境不好时,她可以freeze肚子那个孩子的发展直到袋子那个matureenough环境变好了离开袋子P5第二种方法加速自己的生理活动举了个沙漠里什么昆虫一类的东西的例子,dry的时候把自己埋地底下然后reststage,一下雨就出来超快的速度搞定交配生娃然后干旱之前又回地底下了!解析:本文属于生物类文章,关注的是动物行为。在TPO中不乏相关题材的,比如TPO26第二篇就关注的是动植物在沙漠中的生存,所以背景知识学生不会陌生。在阅读过程中,学员需要额外关注不同方法的实现方式,并理清各个例子与观点之间的关系。参考阅读:Diapause,whenreferencinganimaldormancy,isthedelayindevelopmentinresponsetoregularlyandrecurringperiodsofadverseenvironmentalconditions.Itisconsideredtobeaphysiologicalstateofdormancywithveryspecificinitiatingandinhibitingconditions.Diapauseisamechanismusedasameanstosurvivepredictable,unfavorableenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperatureextremes,droughtorreducedfoodavailability.Diapauseismostoftenobservedinarthropods,especiallyinsects,andintheembryosofmanyoftheoviparousspeciesoffishintheorderCyprinodontiformes.(DiapausedoesnotoccurinembryosoftheviviparousandovoviviparousspeciesofCyprinodontiformes.)Diapauseisnotonlyinducedinanorganismbyspecificstimuliorconditions,butonceitisinitiated,onlycertainotherstimuliarecapableofbringingtheorganismoutofdiapause.Thelatterfeatureisessentialindistinguishingdiapauseasadifferentphenomenonfromotherformsofdormancysuchasstratification,andhibernation.Activitylevelsofdiapausingstagescanvaryconsiderablyamongspecies.Diapausemayoccurinacompletelyimmobilestage,suchasthepupaeandeggs,oritmayoccurinveryactivestagesthatundergoextensivemigrations,suchastheadultMonarchbutterfly,Danausplexippus.Incaseswheretheinsectremainsactive,feedingisreducedandreproductivedevelopmentisslowedorhalted.第二篇:版本一:birdsong总觉得某场考试考过但是题好像不一样。讲拿一种C开头的鸟作实验,发现它们在很小的时候就可以记住一些song并且8周后能准确的唱出来。就算把它们隔离开来也能,说明是genetic?后来讲鸟只唱自己species的song,有一些是向livetutor学的后面不记得了版本二:看到的时候以为时加试好开心结果。。。P1做了个实验,把一种c鸟从出生就隔离,于是它的叫声和其他野生的都不一样,推测鸟鸣和鸟的社交有关,P2鸟只能发出自己种类的鸟的叫声?因为有种constrain?然后探究这个constrain是基因导致还是环境使然?两种都有,基因方面,p1中那个鸟,从小就被隔离发的声音跟其他野生动物差别不大,有很多共同点,环境方面举了个另外的鸟的例子,具体记不得了。有个说还是p1中的那个鸟,依然隔离,但是从小给他放他野生小伙伴的叫声,然后他的叫声和野生小伙伴的就没差,而另外有的就不行,只能跟活的小伙伴学!后面还有两段还是一段完全失忆…做这篇的时候就觉得很不喜欢,不嗨森解析:本文依然属于生物学文章,关注的是动物行为。具体内容涉及到鸟类学习叫声的不同理论,从机经判断属于实验型文章,在阅读过程中,学员需要额外关注实验结论,理清不同理论的观点,以及优缺点,如果有的话。参考阅读:(Figure2).Birdsfirstmemorizeatutorsongandformanauditorymemory,ortemplate,intheirbrain(sensoryphase).Theythentranslatetheinnertemplateintomotoractivitybypracticing,comparingtheirownvocalizationtothetemplate,andrefiningthesongs(sensorimotorphase).SensoryPhaseWithsomeexceptions(e.g.,graycatbirds[Dumetellacarolinensis],sedgewarblers[Acrocephalusschoenobaenus],brown-headedcowbirds[Molothrusater]),birdsraisedinacousticisolationduringthesensoryphaseproduceatypicalsongsasadults.Thisisbecausemostyoungbirdslearnthespecies-specificsongsduringthefirstyearoftheirlives.Inthewild,birdsgrowuplisteningtothesongsofavarietyofdifferentspecies.Sowhydon'ttheylearnthesongsofmultiplespecies?Studieshaveshownthatevenwithoutpriorexperienceinhearingtheirownspecies'songs,youngbirdsstillincreasetheirheartrateandbegmorewhentheyhearconspecificsongs,indicatingthattheyarebornwithaninnateabilitytodiscriminatetheirspecies-specificsongs(Brainard&Doupe2002).Ifgivenachoice,youngbirdspreferentiallylearnconspecificoverheterospecificsongs,andifbirdsareraisedinacousticisolation,theysingabnormalsongsyetstillwithspecies-specificelements.Timingofthesensoryphasevariesamongspecies,but(Zeigler&Marler2008).Thus,togetherwiththegeneticpredispositionforrecognizingandlearningspecies-specificsongs,thisminimizestheriskoflearningwrongsongs.Whenthesensoryphaseendsvariesamongspecies,butthistimingdependspartlyonexperience.Ifyoungareraisedonlywithheterospecificsongs,birdscanlearnconspecificsongslaterthanthoseraisedhearingconspecificsongs(Brainard&Doupe2002).Interestingly,ifbirdsareraisedinacousticisolation,thesensoryphasecanbeextendedevenintoadulthoodinsomespecies.SensorimotorPhaseAtthebeginningofthesensorimotorphase,youngbirdsfirstproducegeneric,variable,andquietvocalizationscalledsubsong,whichissimilartohumanbabybabbling(Brenowitzetal.1997).Theythenproducelouder,morestructuredsongscalledplasticsongs,whicharestillvariablebutcontainsomeelementsofthetutorsong.Songsfinallycrystallizetostablestereotypedsongsthataresimilartothesongstheymemorized.Duringthesensorimotorphase,birdsneedtoheartheirownvocalizationinordertodevelopnormalsongs.Ifjuvenilesaredeafenedafterthesensorypha