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2016级山东师范大学成人高等教育大学英语教材原文1、HowtoBeaSuccessfulLanguageLearnerLearningalanguageiseasy.Evenachildcandoit!Mostadultswhoarelearningasecondlanguagewoulddisagreewiththisstatement.Forthem,learningalanguageisaverydifficulttask.Theyneedhundredsofhoursofstudyandpractice,andeventhiswillnoguaranteesuccessforeveryadultlanguagelearner.Languagelearningisdifferentfromotherkindsoflearning.Somepeoplewhoareveryintelligentandsuccessfulintheirfieldsfinditdifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning.Conversely,somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersfinditdifficulttosucceedinotherfields.Languageteachersoftenofferadvicetolanguagelearners:Readasmuchasyoucaninthenewlanguage.Practicespeakingthelanguageeveryday.Livewithpeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Don'ttranslate-trytothinkinthenewlanguage.Learnasachildwouldlearn;playwiththelanguage.Butwhatdoesasuccessfullanguagelearnerdo?Languagelearningresearchshowsthatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways.Firstofall,successfullanguagelearnersareindependentlearners.Theydonotdependonthebookortheteacher;theydiscovertheirownwaytolearnthelanguage,Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain,theytrytofindthepatternsandtherulesforthemselves.Theyaregoodguesserswholookforcluesandformtheirownconclusions.Whentheyguesswrong,theyguessagain.Theytrytolearnfromtheirmistakes.Successfullanguagelearningisactivelearning.Therefore,Successfullearnersdonotwaitforachancetousethelanguage;theylookforsuchachance.Theyfindpeoplewhospeakthelanguageandtheyaskthesepeopletocorrectthemwhentheymakeamistake.Theywilltryanythingtocommunicate.Theyarenotafraidtorepeatwhattheyhearortosaystrangethings;theyarewillingtomakemistakesandtryagain.Whencommunicationisdifficult,theycanacceptinformationwhatisinexactorincomplete.Itismoreimportantforthemtolearntothinkinthelanguagethantoknowthemeaningofveryword.Finally,successfullanguagelearnersarelearnerswithapurpose.Theywanttolearnthelanguagebecausetheyareinterestedinthelanguageandthepeoplewhospeakit.Itisnecessaryforthemtolearnthelanguageinordertocommunicatewiththesepeopleandtolearnfromthem.Theyfinditeasytopracticeusingthelanguageregularlybecausetheywanttolearnwithit.Whatkindoflanguagelearnerareyou?Ifyouareasuccessfullanguagelearner,youhaveprobablybeenlearningindependently,actively,andpurposefully.Ontheotherhand,ifyourlanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful,youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniquesoutlinedabove.2、Family“Family”—thewordhasdifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeople,andeventhedictionarygivesusseveraldefinitions:“agroupofpeoplerelatedbybloodormarriage,”“twoadultsandtheirchildren,”“allthosepeopledescendedfromacommonancestor,”“ahousehold,”andsoonSomepeoplethinkofafamilyasamother,afather,andtheirchildren;othersincludegrandparents,aunts,uncles,andcousins.Forsomeofus,familymeansthegroupofrelativeslivingfarawayfromhome.Forothers,havingafamilysimplymeanshavingchildren.Somefamilieshavelonghistories,whileothersknowverylittleabouttheirancestors.Nomatterifitisyoungorold,largeorsmall,traditionalormodern,everyfamilyhasasenseofwhatafamilyis.Itisthatfeelingofbelonging,ofloveandsecuritythatcomesfromlivingtogether,helpingandsharing.Therearebasicallytwotypesoffamilies:nuclearfamiliesandextendedfamilies.Thenuclearfamilyusuallyconsistsoftwoparents(motherandfather)andtheirchildren.Themotherandfatherformthenucleus,orcenter,ofthenuclearfamily.Thechildrenstayinthenuclearfamilyuntiltheygrowupandmarry.Thenformnewnuclearfamilies.Theextendedfamilyisverylarge.Thereareoftenmanynuclearfamiliesinoneextendedfamily.Anextendedfamilyincludeschildrenparents,grandparents,uncles,aunts,andcousins.Themembersofanextendedfamilyarerelatedbyblood(grandparent,parents,children,brothers,sisters,etc.)orbymarriage(husbands,wives,mothers-in-law,etc).Theyareallrelated,sothemembersofanextendedfamilyarecalledrelatives.Traditionally,allthemembersofanextendedfamilylivedinthesamearea.However,withthechangefromanagriculturaltoanindustrialsociety,manynuclearfamiliesmovedawayfromthefamilyhomeinordertofindwork.Inindustrialsocietiestoday,themembersofmostnuclearfamilieslivetogether,butmostextendedfamiliesdonotlivetogether.Thereforewecansaythatthenuclearfamilybecomesmoreimportantthantheextendedfamilyasthesocietyindustrializes.Inpost-industrialsocietiesliketheUnitedStates,eventhenuclearfamilyischanging.Thenuclearfamilyisbecomingsmallerasparentswantfewerchildren,andthenumberofchildlessfamiliesisincreasing.Traditionally,thefatherofanuclearfamilyearnedmoneyforthefamilywhilethemothercaredforthehouseandthechildren.Todaymorethan50%ofthenuclearfamiliesintheUnitedStatesaretwo-earnerfamilies–boththefatherandthemotherearnmoneyforthefamily–andinafewfamiliesthemotherearnsthemoneywhilethefathertakescareofthehouseandthechildren.Manynuclearfamiliesarealso“splittingup”–moreandmoreparentsaregettingdivorced.Whatwillbetheresultofthis“splitting”ofthenuclearfamily?Socialscientistsnowtalkoftwonewfamilyforms:thesingleparentfamilyandtheremarriedfamily.Almost20%ofallAmericanfamiliesaresingleparentfamilies,andin85%ofthesefamiliesthesingleparentisthemother.Mostsingleparentsfinditverydifficultt