生物科学 专业英语第一课

生物专业英语InsidetheLivingCellStructureandFunctionofInternalCellpartsGlossaryCytoplasm细胞质Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma,includinganaqueousgroundsubstance(hyaloplasm,透明质，cellsap,orcellmatrix)containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles.细胞中的亚器官Chloroplast叶绿体Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.Stroma子座，基质Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll.Plastid质体Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria,blue-greenalgae,andfungi;itisenclosedbytwomembranes(theenvelope)andhasvariousfunctionsEndoplasmicreticulum内质网Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.Golgicomplex高尔基复合体Astackofflattened,smooth,memebranoussacs;thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.Mitochondrion线粒体Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfoldedbackonitself;serveasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration.Ribosome核糖体SmallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacidsPolysome多核糖体Ofproteinsynthesis,severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.Vacuole液泡Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane.Lysosome溶酶体AspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymesCentriole中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants细胞的遗传亚结构细胞核和染色体Chromosome染色体ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleousorganizer.RNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome.Nuclearenvelope核膜，核被膜Adoublemembrane(twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins)thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleous.Nucleoid核质体TheDNA-containingareaofaprokaryotecell,analogoustoeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembranebounded.Nucleoli核仁Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinformationfortheirconstruction.Nucleus细胞核，神经核Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial,DNA.细胞运动结构和骨架Cytoskeleton细胞骨架Ofeukaryoticcells,aninternal“skeleton”.Itsmicrotubulesandothercomponentsstructurallysupportthecell,organizeandmoveitsinternalcomponents.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree-livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment.Microtubule微管Small,hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestrucuturalsupportandenablemovement.Microfilament微丝，纤丝Long,fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells,oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubule;providestructuralsupportandenablemovement.Cilia纤毛Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.Flagella鞭毛Long,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.Actin肌动蛋白Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosein,tobringaboutcontraction.Dynein动力蛋白AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity.Myosin肌球蛋白Aproteinthat,withactin,constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle.Tubulin微管蛋白Aproteinthatisthemajorconstituentofmicrotubules.Basalbody基体Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole,foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum.Chemotaxis趋化性Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,anexternaldirectionalstimulus.Phagocytosis吞噬作用Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsaroundaparticleandengulfsit.Pinocytosis胞饮作用Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwater.胞饮作用Cytoplasm细胞质Thedynamic,MobileFactorySemifluid半流体Plasmamembrane质膜Organelle细胞器官Cytoskeleton细胞骨架Mostofthepropertiesweassociatedwithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.Nucleus细胞核Eukaryotic真核细胞的Prokaryote原核细胞Hereditary遗传的Sac液囊细胞核和染色体Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorgenelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasMRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviatheporesOrganelle细胞器官Aminoacid氨基酸Lacy花边Vesicle小泡Stud布满Fat脂肪Steroid胆固醇Oxidation氧化Sugar糖digestive消化的carbohydrate碳水化合物Leucoplast白色体Pigment色素Starch淀粉Chromoplast色素细胞Grana叶绿素基粒细胞结构①Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.②Organ