22材料概论-玻璃双语

IntroductiontoMaterialsCh.4,Glass重庆理工大学材料科学与工程学院《材料概论》IntroductiontoMaterials12Mosttime,wedidnotrealizeCanyoucounthowmanythingsinthisclassroomthataremadefromglass?3Wesee4Wedidnotsee5GlassissoimportanttousSo,Whatistheglassconstitutedof?(玻璃的主要组份)Howistheglassclassified?(玻璃的分类)Howistheglassworkmade?(玻璃的制备方法)Whatarethepropertiesofglass?(玻璃的性质)Whatisthestructureofglass?(玻璃的结构)Whatarethemajorapplicationsofglass?(玻璃的主要用途)Newtypesofglassandnewapplications?(新型玻璃和玻璃的新用途)6ContentsTheworldofglassPreparationofglassStructureandpropertiesApplicationsofglassOptoelectronicsmaterials(光电材料)1.掌握玻璃的主要类型2.了解玻璃的主要用途3.学习玻璃的生产工艺4.熟悉玻璃的结构和性质5.了解光电转换材料的最新进展课程学习目的7PartI:TheworldofglassSection1.1:Introduction8Definitionofglass玻璃的定义Glassisaninorganicproductoffusionwhichhascooledtoarigidconditionwithoutcrystallization—ASTM1949熔体在冷却过程中粘度逐渐增大而得的不结晶的固体材料。—汉语大词典9Featuresofglass玻璃的通性Lackoftheperiodic(longrange)orderofacrystalInfiniteunitcell(norepeatinglargescalestructures)3DnetworklackingsymmetryandperiodicityISOTROPIC各向同性:samepropertiesinalldirectionsMetastability介稳性能Comparedtoitscrystallineform无固定熔点(nofixedmeltingtemp.)Canbeeithersolidorliquid/viscosity(粘度)性质变化的连续性与可逆性Continuousandreversible(可逆的)changes10Naturalglass(1)Thevolcanicoutflow(火山喷发)ofthemoltenmagma(岩浆)getcooledandformglasses.11Naturalglass(2)Impactites(击变岩)arenaturalglassesformedfromcrystallinematerialsrenderedamorphousbytheshockofmeteoric(陨石)impact.Glassesformedfromimpactedmeltsareknownastektites(玻陨石),Moldavite(绿玻陨石).12Majorapplicationsofindustrialglass工业玻璃的主要用途Nowcommonlyappliedfor:Containers(容器)WindowsDecoration（装饰品）Lenses(镜头)Fiberglass(玻璃纤维)Opticalfiber(光导纤维)RoadsignsCompositesinfrareddetector（红外探测器）13AbriefhistoryofglassAccordingtothemethodsofthemanufacturingprocess:TheFirstPeriod:1700BCthrough100ADPrimitivemethodofmakingglassusingmolds.TheSecondPeriod:100ADthrough400-500ADGlassblowingtechniquediscovered,andglassmanufacturebecomesamorepracticalprocess.TheThirdPeriod:400-500AD~1200ADMiddleAges,characterizedbyByzantineglass.TheFourthPeriod:1200AD~1900ADVenetianglass,foundationformodernglassmakingisset.TheFifthPeriod:1900AD~presentGlassobjectsusedaseverydaygoods;largescalemanufacturing.14玻璃历史的简短介绍人类应用玻璃的历史根据生产工艺的不同可以分为以下几个阶段:公元前1700到公元后100年用模子进行原始的玻璃生产公元100年到400-500人类发明了吹制玻璃的工艺400-500到1200欧洲的中世纪，拜占庭玻璃占据主流地位1200AD到1900威尼斯玻璃工艺占据主导地位，现代玻璃制造工业开始成形1900AD到现在玻璃成为日用品原材料的一种，大规模工业化生产日益普遍Romancagecupfromthe4thcenturyCE15GreateventsinthehistoryofglassDatePlaceandActivity650BC1stGlassmakinghandbook1,200ADVeniceglass威尼斯centerdominatesinglassproduction1,590GlasstelescopeandmicroscopelensesaredevelopedinNetherlands荷兰andusedforthefirsttime1,609GalileoGalileiusestelescopetoinvestigateplanetarymotion16Greateventsinthehistoryofglass1,665HallofmirrorsinVersaillesisbuilt凡尔赛宫（1682-1789）Bohemian波西米亚flashedandengravedrubyglass(19th-century)Romanglassamphoriskoi1st–2ndcenturyAD18Greateventsinthehistoryofglass1875TechnicalglassesaredevelopedinGermanybyCarlZeissatJena,Germanybecomesamajorglassscienceandengineeringcenter.1926ArthurWoodandDavidGrayofCorningGlassWorksdevelopthe“399”machine,latercalledthe“Ribbon”machinetomakelightbulbsatspeedsof1000perminute.19Greateventsinthehistoryofglass1932WilliamZachariasenpublishesthe“RandomNetworkHypothesis”ofglassstructureandhisrulesofglassformationinJ.Amer.Chem.Society1959PilkingtonBrotherspatentthefloatglassprocessandintroducedinEnglandandwillultimatelyrevolutionizeflatglassmanufacturing.19701stsilicaopticalfiberproducedatCorningGlassWorksusingchemicalvapordeposition（CVD化学气相沉积）techniquestoreduceattenuation(衰减)andimprovesignaltransmission20Classificationofglassesaccordingtocompositions玻璃的分类:按成份分OxideglassesChalcogenideGlasses(硫属化物玻璃)Thioborateglasses(B2S3)(硫硼玻璃)Halideglasses(BeF2,ZnCl2etc.)(卤化物玻璃)Heavymetalfluorideglasses(ZrF4)(重金属氟化玻璃)Oxy-halideglasses(氧卤玻璃)Oxynitrideglasses(氧氮玻璃)Metallicglasses(金属玻璃)Glass-likeCarbon(玻璃碳)特种玻璃是指除日用玻璃以外的、采用精制、高纯或新型原料，或采用新工艺在特殊条件下或严格控制形成过程制成的一些具有特殊功能或特殊用途的玻璃，也包括经玻璃晶化获得的微晶玻璃。（1）使玻璃具有特殊的功能；（2）将常规特性发挥至极点；（3）将上述某项特性以另一种特性置换；（4）牺牲上述某些性能而赋予某项有用的特性。21OxideglassMorethan90%oftheglassinuseisbasedonoxidesandinparticularsilica.Silicaandsilicateglasses(硅酸盐玻璃）B2O3andborateglasses(硼酸盐玻璃）GeO2andgermanateglasses（锗酸盐玻璃）P2O5andphosphateglasses（磷酸盐玻璃）Complexoxideglasses22CommonoxideglassesVitreousSilica-SiO2Composition:SiO2VeryexpensiveUses:LowexpansionchemicallyresistanttubingLightbulbswhereUVtransparencyandhightemperaturelimitisnecessaryUltra-lowlosstelecommunicationopticalfiberLowexpansionmirrorsandmirrorblanks23CommonoxideglassesSoda-Lime-SilicateGlass(钠钙玻璃)Composition:10-15Na2O+5-15CaO+50-70SiO2Uses:Windows,bottles,containers,fibers,mirrors,lenses,tableware,lightbulbs,etc.24CommonoxideglassBoratesilicateglass(硼硅玻璃)Composition:SiO2+B2O3+Al2O3+Na2O+K2OUses:Pyrexglass(派勒克斯耐热玻璃)ChemicallaboratoryequipmentCookwareLightingSpecialwindows.25ClassificationofglassaccordingtoapplicationsPlateglassGenerallyplateglasscomesintwothicknesses,¼inchand1/8inch.Canbepolishedor