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-1-专业英语汇总1.Howtodefinetheaggregatepricelevel?如何衡量价格指数？Threemeasuresoftheaggregatepricelevelarecommonlyencounteredineconomicdata.(1)ThefirstistheGDPdeflator(GDP平减指数),whichisdefinedasnominalGDPdividedbyrealGDP.(2)AnotherpopularmeasureoftheaggregatepricelevelistheProducerPriceIndex(生产者价格指数)whichisameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandservicesboughtbyfirms.(3)ThemeasureoftheaggregatepricelevelthatismostfrequentlyreportedinthepressistheConsumerPriceIndex(消费者价格指数),whichismeasuredbypricingabasketofgoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalurbanhousehold.2.What’sthedisadvantageandadvantageofholdingequityratherthandebt?持有股权的优劣？(1)Themaindisadvantageofowningacorporation’sequitiesratherthanitsdebtisthatanequityholderisaresidualclaimant(剩余求偿权),thatis,thecorporationmustpayallitsdebtholdersbeforeitpaysitsequityholders.(2)Themainadvantageofholdingequitiesisthatequityholdersbenefitdirectlyfromanyincreasesinthecorporation’sprofitabilityorassetvaluebecauseequitiesconferownershiprightsontheequityholders.Debtholdersdonotshareinthisbenefit,becausetheirpaymentsarefixed.3.What’sthedifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarymarket?一级市场与二级市场的区别？(1)Aprimarymarketisafinancialmarketinwhichnewissuesofasecurity,suchasabondorastock,aresoldtoinitialbuyersbythecorporationorgovernmentagencyborrowingthefunds.(2)Asecondarymarketisafinancialmarketinwhichsecuritiesthathavebeenpreviouslyissuedcanberesold.4.What’sthedifferencebetweenforeignbondandEurobond?外国债券和欧洲债券的区别？(1)Foreignbondsaresoldinaforeigncountryandaredenominatedinthatcountry’scurrency.Forexample,abondissuedbyaChinesecompanydenominatedinU.S.dollarssoldinNewYork.(2)Eurobondisabonddenominatedinacurrencyotherthanthatofthecountryinwhichitissold.Forexample,abonddenominatedinU.S.dollarssoldinChina.5.What’sassettransformationanddiversification？资产转换和分散化(1)Financialintermediariescreateandsellassetswithriskcharacteristicsthatpeoplearecomfortablewith,andtheintermediariesthenusethefundstheyacquirebysellingtheseassetstopurchaseotherassetsthatmayhavefarmorerisk.Thisprocessofrisksharingisreferredasassettransformation,becauseinasense,riskyassetsareturnedintosaferassetsforinvestors.(2)Diversificationentailsinvestinginaportfolioofassetswhosereturnsdonotalwaysmovetogetherwiththeresultthatoverallriskislowerthanforindividualassets.Italsorefersto“Youshouldn'tputallyoureggsinonebasket”.Diversificationcaneliminatefirm-specificrisk—theuncertaintyassociatedwiththespecificcompanies.Butdiversificationcannoteliminatemarketrisk—theuncertaintyassociatedwiththeentireeconomy,whichaffectsallcompaniestradedonthestockmarket.Forexample,whentheeconomygoesintoarecession,mostcompaniesexperiencefallingsales,profitandlowstockreturns.Diversificationreducestheriskofholdingstocks,butitdoesnoteliminateit.6.Explainthefollowingconcepts:asymmetricinformation,adverseselectionandmoralhazard.(1)Asymmetricinformation(信息不对称)referstothatonepartyoftendoesnotknowenoughabouttheotherpartytomakeaccuratedecisions.Forexample,aborrowerwhotakesoutaloanusuallyhasbetterinformationaboutthepotentialreturnsandriskassociatedwiththeinvestmentprojectsforwhichthefundsareinvestedthanthelenderdoes.-2-(2)Adverseselection(逆向选择)istheproblemcreatedbyasymmetricinformationbeforethetransactionoccurs.Adverseselectioninfinancialmarketsoccurswhenthepotentialborrowerswhoarethemostlikelytodefaultaretheoneswhomostactivelyseekoutaloanandarethusmostlikelytobeselected.(3)Moralhazard(道德风险)istheproblemcreatedbyasymmetricinformationafterthetransactionoccurs.Moralhazardinfinancialmarketsistheriskthattheborrowermightengageinactivitiesthatareundesirablefromthelenderspointofview,becausetheymakeitlesslikelythattheloanwillbepaidback.7.What’sthefunctionofmoney?货币的职能？Moneyhasthreeprimaryfunctionsinanyeconomy:asamediumofexchange,asaunitofaccount,andasastoreofvalue.(1)Whenmoneyisusedtopayforgoodsandservices,itplaystheroleofamediumofexchange(流通手段).Theuseofmoneyasamediumofexchangepromoteseconomicefficiencybyminimizingthetimespentinexchanginggoodsandservices.(2)Thesecondroleofmoneyistoprovideaunitofaccount(价值尺度),thatis,itisusedtomeasurevalueofgoodsandservicesintheeconomy.(3)Moneyalsofunctionsasastoreofvalue(储藏手段).Astoreofvalueisusedtosavepurchasingpowerfromthetimeincomeisreceiveduntilthetimeitisspent.Thisfunctionofmoneyisuseful,becausemostofusdonotwanttospendourincomeimmediatelyuponreceivingit,butratherprefertowaituntilwehavethetimeorthedesiretoshop.8.What’stheFisherequationandFishereffect?费雪等式与费雪效应？(1)TheFisherequationstatesthatthenominalinterestrateequalstherealinterestrateplustheexpectedrateofinflation.Theequationtellsusthatallelseequal,ariseinacountry’sexpectedinflationratewilleventuallycauseanequalriseinthenominalinterestrate.Similarly,afallintheexpectedinflationratewilleventuallycauseafallinthenominalinterestrate.(2)Thislong-runrelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestratesiscalledtheFishereffect.TheFishereffectimplies,forexample,thatifU.S.inflationweretorisepermanentlyfromaconstantlevelof5percentperyeartoaconstantlevelof10percentperyear,dollarinterestrateswouldeventuallycatchupwiththehigherinflation,risi