真核微生物

MorphologyandStructureofEukaryotesChapter2形态与构造(Ⅱ):真核微生物Prokaryotes原核生物BacteriaBacteria真细菌真细菌ArchaeaArchaea古细菌古细菌EukaryotesEukaryotes真核生物……BacteriaBacteria细菌细菌Eukaryotes真核生物1.Plants植物2.Animals动物3.Fungi真菌4.Algae藻5.Protozoa原生动物EukaryoticmicroorganismStructureofatypicalplantcellStructureofananimalcellComparisonofAnimalandBacteriaCells3CharacteristicsofEukaryoticMicroorganisms1.Havenuclearenvelope具有核被膜2.Mitosis有丝分裂3.Haveorganells细胞器RelativeSizeofabacterium,clayparticle,virusandfungusLilyParenchymaCell百合花薄壁组织(cross-section)(TEMx7,210)Thecytoskeleton细胞骨架.ImagefromPrenticeHallProkaryoticvs.Eukaryotic(P49)ProkaryoticEukaryoticNucleus核NoYesOrganelles细胞器NoYesReproductionBinaryfission二分分裂Mitosis有丝分裂CellWall细胞壁Peptidoglycan肽聚糖Celluloseorchitin纤维素或几丁质Chromosome染色体1circularLinearProtozoa≠Prokaryote原生动物≠原核生物Clockwisefromtop:Giardiaintestinalis肠贾第虫(causesdiarrhea),Trypanosomabrucei布鲁斯氏锥虫(sleepingsickness),Plasmodiumgametocyte疟原虫(causesmalaria)Whatarefungi真菌?•Primitiveeukaryotic,spore-bearing•Heterotrophic异养:–Produceextracelluarenzymestobreakdowndeadplantsoranimals&absorbnutritionAthlete'sfootfungus(Epidermophytonfloccosum表皮癣菌)Kitchenspongewithbacteria&fungusAhumaneyelash(hairsurface)withanunknownfungusinfectionFiveCharacteristicsofFungi1.Nonphotosynthetic不能进行光和作用2.Reproductionbyspores产孢繁殖3.Developedmycelium一般具发达菌丝体4.Heterotrophic&absorptive营养方式为异养吸收型5.Adaptivetolandliving陆生性较强Terminology•Mykes(Gr.)-cap;mushroom•Fungus(L.)=sphongos(Gr.)-sponge•Mycology:thestudyoffungi真菌学CategoryofFungi1.Yeasts(one-celled)酵母菌2.Molds(multi-celled)霉菌3.Mushrooms大型真菌，蘑菇•Forms:•Unicellular,multinucleate,multicellularSection1:Yeast第一节：酵母WhatAreYeasts?•True&simplefungiofAscomycetes子囊菌纲•Bakingorbrewingyeast–Saccharomycescerevisiae(酿酒酵母)Anancientseal:upperleftcorner-youcanseearepresentationofSumariansdrinkingbeerthroughstrawsYEAST•Unicellular•Micr.:–Ovaltoround(Dia:3-15µm)–Reproducebybudding:Blastospore芽生孢子–Pseudohyphae假菌丝•Macr.:–Pastycolonies(resemblebacteria)YeastCellsBeginningofadaughterbudThenumerousbudscarsleftBuddingCandidacell假丝酵母Falseyeastfungus拟酵母Brewer'syeast:bud&budscarsCell:4.3µm×4µmBudscar:~1µmFeaturesofYeasts1.个体一般以单细胞存在2.多数营出芽繁殖，也有的裂殖3.能发酵糖类产能4.细胞壁常含甘露聚糖5.喜在含糖量高、酸度较大的水生环境中生长WhyYeast?•Modelorganism:S.cerevisiae–Exhibitmanyfundamentalphenomenaofcellsinothereukaryotes.–Lifecycle:simpleyetincludesdiversefeaturessuchasmitosis,meiosis,andcelltocellsignalingduringmating.ModelOrganism•Anorganismchosentounderstandbroadbiologicalprinciples–Fruitfly果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)–Mouse鼠(Musmusculus)–Nematode线虫动物(Caenorabditiselegans)SubcellularStructureofFungi•Capsule荚膜(onlyinsomefungi)•Cellwall•Cellmembrane–Sterols固醇(zymosterol酵母甾醇)•Cytoplasm–Nucleus,nuclearmembrane,nucleolus核仁,ER,mitochondria线粒体,vacuolesCELLWALL•Antigenic•Structure:Multilayered–Carbohydratechitin几丁质–Yeastcellulose酵母纤维素1.Mannan甘露聚糖:outer2.Protein3.Glucan葡聚糖:inner•Functions:–rigidity,strengthandprotectionMajorpolysaccharidesoffungalcellwallPOLYMER聚合物MONOMER单体Chitin几丁质N-acetylglucosamineChitosan壳聚糖D-Glucosamine葡糖胺Cellulose纤维素D-Glucose葡萄糖α-Glucan葡聚糖D-GlucoseMannan甘露聚糖D-Mannose甘露糖•ThetypeandamountvarybyspeciesColonyShape菌落•Yeasts:similartobacterialcolonybut–Bigger–Thicker–Opacity不透明–Regular(non-movable)–Smell•Molds:larger,fuzzier酵母菌菌落啤酒酵母红酵母各种酵母菌落Classification酵母菌分类•Accordingto:1.Cell细胞2.Ascospore子囊孢子3.Colonycharacteristics菌落特征4.Physiologicalcharacteristics–sugarfermentation生理生化•2mainorders二个目1.Taphrinales(yeast-likeplantparasites)外胞霉目2.Endomycetales(trueyeasts)内胞霉目Metabolism新陈代谢•Undergobothrespirationtypes呼吸作用–Aerobic好氧的Sugars→CO2+H2O+moreATP–Anaerobic厌氧的:convertsugarstoCO2andethanol,recoveringlessoftheenergySugars→CO2+ethanol+lessATP•Benefitedinbaking&brewingindustriesNutritionofYeast营养•Yeastsareheterotrophic异养1.Requireareducedcarbonandnitrogensource(e.g.ammoniumsulfate硫酸铵)2.Canuseavarietyoforganicnitrogencompounds(urea尿素,aminoacids3.Alsorequirethevitaminbiotin生物素,avarietyofsaltsandtraceelements.FermentationIndustryTheBrewingofBeerBrewing酿造Reproduction1.Asexual无性的1.Budding芽殖:uniqueinallgenus2.Fission裂殖:Schizosaccharomyces裂殖酵母属3.Asexualspore无性孢子:•Arthrospore节孢子:Geotricum地霉属•Ballistospore掷孢子:Sporobolomyces掷孢酵母•Chlamydospore厚垣孢子:Candidaalbicans2.Sexual有性的–ascus子囊→ascospore子囊孢子：Sacharomyces酵母属,Zygosaccharomyces接合酵母属Budding芽殖•characteristicofmost•Process:–Asmallbudemerges,=1hr)•Bothhaploid单倍体anddiploid二倍体BuddingProcessStartformhereShamooandZygote接合体Shmoos:thetwohaploidnucleiwithineachjoinedpairfuseintoadiploidnucleus,formingatruezygote合子.Cloverleaf:thediploidpromptlybudsattheconstriction,formingacharacteristic“cloverleaf”红花草叶figure.Historieslifecycles生活周期SexuallifecyclesTypesofLifeCycleinYeast1.Vegetativecells:nor2n2.Vegetativecells:nonly3.Vegetativecells:2nonlyLifecycleofS.cerevisiae:nor2nmostsituationS.octosporus裂殖酵母属:nonlyShortLongS.Ludwigii路德酵母:2nonlyShortLongBiotechnologiesinvolvingyeastTherapeucticproductsfromyeasts治疗性产品Section2:Mould-filamentousfungi第二节：丝状真菌MOULD霉菌（MOLD）•filamentousfungi,multicellular•Micr.:–Hypha(e)菌丝(dia:2-10µm):•Mycelium菌丝体:vegetativeoraerial–Spores芽孢•Macr.:–Surf