重庆大学硕士学位论文新型侧向流曝气生物滤池(LBAF)处理城市污水性能研究姓名:王胤申请学位级别:硕士专业:市政工程指导教师:何强20050401中文摘要I摘要从上世纪80年代以来,曝气生物滤池在全世界污水处理领域得到广泛研究和使用。目前,为中小城镇开发低耗、高效的城市污水处理工艺是我国污水处理技术研究领域亟待解决的重大课题。将侧向流流态引入曝气生物滤池工艺,为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。本研究在吸取传统曝气生物滤池运行机理和侧向流曝气生物滤池研究成果的基础上,重新设计、制作了侧向流曝气生物滤池(LBAF)反应器,研究了LBAF的流态特性,处理城市污水的性能,分析了运行性能的影响因素,建立了有机物去除动力学模型。流态试验采用外加电解质的脉冲信号响应法进行,在分析液龄分布函数的基础上建立了流态预测模型,并发现LBAF流态近似于推流式。试验发现进水流量和曝气量是影响LBAF流态特性的重要因素,而流态对LBAF运行效能的影响主要体现在污染物降解效率、容积利用率、脱氮性能三个方面,推流式的流态有利于提高污染物降解性能。在LBAF处理城市污水的性能试验中,观察了LBAF的启动性能,分析了LBAF处理城市污水的效果,总结了LBAF特有的运行性能周期性变化规律,归纳了反冲洗特性。由于LBAF的填料——沸石具有阳离子吸附能力,所以LBAF在启动期氨氮等污染物指标去除效果异常良好。在分析启动期逐时出水氨氮变化和沿程氮元素转化机理后,发现在启动29日后LBAF后段出现了氨氮的解吸,LBAF逐步建立起氮元素的自平衡营养补给机制。LBAF在处理城市污水运行期间表现出良好的COD、SS去除性能,在常温下还表现出良好的氨氮去除性能,COD、SS、氨氮的平均去除率分别为84.6%、94.6%、62.7%。试验期间观察到,LBAF的运行效能随反冲洗的进行呈周期性变化,生物量在反冲洗周期内沿流程逐渐增长达到饱和,异养菌沿反应器轴向逐渐前移,自养菌在同时逐渐丧失活性,COD、氨氮等污染物质沿程降解曲线发生相应变化,LBAF的运行周期比传统曝气生物滤池要长。LBAF的反冲洗采用气水联合反冲洗进行,在气冲强度5L/m2·s,水冲强度4.5L/m2·s的条件下,反冲洗时间大致需要15min,在填料高度0.85m的情况下,反冲洗耗水比大致为10%。研究认为反冲洗耗水比和单次反冲洗耗水量是影响LBAF工艺投资、运行成本的重要因素,增加填料高度可以有效降低LBAF的反冲洗耗水指标和运行时的气水比。对LBAF运行效能的检测数据统计分析后,发现影响LBAF运行效能的主要运行条件包括:污染物容积负荷、水力负荷(停留时间)和水温。试验发现,随着污染物容积负荷的增加,LBAF的污染物去除能力逐渐降低,特别进水COD、重庆大学硕士学位论文II氨氮负荷的增加对氨氮、总氮去除效能有较明显地影响;就COD、氨氮、SS去除效能而言,LBAF可以承受较大幅度的水力负荷变化;当进水水温低于13℃后,反应器运行性能明显降低。从米-门方程出发,利用推流式流态假设,在建立A段、B段单段有机物去除动力学模型的基础上,建立了LBAF整池有机物去除动力学模型。经过模型试算,与实测值对比,发现该动力学模型预测值与实测值有一定可比性。LBAF处理城市污水的运行性能试验表明,经改进后的新型侧向流曝气生物滤池在继承了传统曝气生物滤池有机物、悬浮物、氨氮去除效率高等优点的基础上,拥有更为长久的反冲洗周期,并且通过增加填料高度可以降低气水比和反冲洗耗水比,符合低耗、高效的工艺要求。关键词:污水处理,生物膜法,侧向流曝气生物滤池,运行效能英文摘要IIIABSTRACTSince1980s,theBiologicalAeratedFilter(BAF)hasgotextensiveresearchanduseinthefieldofsewagetreatmentallovertheworld.Atpresent,itisagreatsubjectofasewagetreatmenttechnologyresearchfieldtodevelopthelowconsumption,highefficientcitysewagetreatmenttecknologyforsmall-and-medium-sizedtownsinChina.Developinglateral-flowBAF,hasofferedanewthinkingforsolvingthisproblem.ThisstudyisindrawingtraditionalBAFoperationmechanismandresearchresultsofoldtypelateralflowBAF,basedonaredesignedreactoroflateral-flowaeratedbiological(LBAF).Theresearchcontentswasfocusedonthefollowingparts:hydrodynamicbebavior,performanceofcontamitantsremoval,influencefactorsofoperationperformance,dynamiscmodeloforganicmatterremoval.Todeterminethehydrodynamicbehavioroflateralflowbiologicalaeratedfilter(LBAF),pulsedsignalexperimentwascarriedoutinthisstudy.ExperimentalresultsshowthattheflowpatternofLBAFisclosetoplugflow,andbasedupontheflowpatternretentiontimedistributionfunctionwasdeveloped.Itwasalsoshowninthisexperimentthatflowrateandaerationstrengtharetwokeyfactorsthatinfluencethereactorflowpattern.TheimpactonLBAFoperationofhydrodynamicbeheviorincludesthewasteutilityefficiency,volumeutilizationratio,nitrogenremovalperformance.Thestudyfoundplugflowhelpstoimprovetheperformance.TheLBAFtreatmentperformancetrialsincluded4maincontents:start-upperformance,resultoftreatingthemunicipalsewage,periodicchangingofoperationperformance,backwashcharacteristic.Becauseofcationexchangingabilityofthemedia(zeolite),ammonialremovaleffciencyisquitehighinthestart-upperiod.Throughthenitrogenequilibriumalongthemedialength,itwasdetectedthatzeolitehasbeenreleasingammoniaandself-balancednitrogensupplymechanisminthemediahasbeensetup.TheresultsofoperationdataanalysisshowsLBAFgotexcellentCOD,SSremovalperformanceandsuperammoniaremovalratio.Duringoperation,theaverageremovalratiosofCOD,SS,ammoniawere84.6%,94.6%,62.7%respectively.Duringoperation,theoperationefficiencyofLBAFvariesperiodiclyinresponsetobackwash.Inasuchcycle,thebilfilmamountincreasegraduallytothesaturation,whichcauseheterotrophincreasingexcessly,autotrophlostingactivationsimulta-重庆大学硕士学位论文IVneously.TheanotherphenomenonduringtheoperationcycleisthattheCODandammoniadegradationcurvealongthemedialengthchangedramaticly.Ingeneral,operationcycleofLBAFismuchlongerthantranditionalBAF.ThebackwashmodeofLBAFadoptstheair-waterconbinedbackwash,whichtheintensityare5Lair/m2.sand4.5Lwater/m2.s,lasting15min.Incaseof0.85mheightofmedia,backwashwaterconsumptionwasnear10%ofthetreatingwater.ItissuggestedthatbackwashwaterconsumptioninfluencesinvestmentofLBAFplantandincreasingmediaheightcanavailablyreducebackwashconsumptionandair:inflowratio.ThefollowingconditionmayinfluenceoperationperformanceofLBAF:inflowloading,hydraulicloading(retentiontime)andtemperature.Operationperformancedecreaseswithinflowloadingincreasing,especiallynitrogenremovalperformance,whilehydraulicloadingcan'tinfluenceoperationperformancealmost.Aftertemperatureislowerthan13degreesCentigrade,theoperationperformanceofthereactorisobviouslyreduced.ThestudyoncharacteristicsofLBAFformunicipalsewagetreatmentshowstheoperationperformanceofLBAFiscomparablewiththetraditionalBAF,whileLBAFhaslongerbackwashcycle,lowerbackwashwaterconsumptionandair:inflowratio.Totally,LBAFaccordwiththelowconsumption,highefficienttechnologicalrequirement.Keywords:Municipalwastewatertreatment,Fixed-biofilm,Lateral-flowbiologicalareatedfilter,Operationperformance1绪论11绪论1.1中小城镇污水处理技术的市场需求与发展加强城市污水污染控制和资源化技术的研究与实用化是我国所面临的一个重大课题。从1999年起,我