2016-5-11最新英美报刊选读Understandingnewwords

ChapterfiveUnderstandingnewwordsPart1CompoundsMain+streammain+landPaperworkpaperback—hardbackToothpicktoothpastetoothbrushtoothacheBloodthirstybloodshedBloodsuckerbloodstreamBloodshotbloodstainedRoots,prefixesandsuffixesIntro--:withinorinwardSpect:look--ive:totendto,toleantowardE.g.introspectivea.反省的自省的inspectv.调查introvertextroverta.RootsCred:credibility可靠性credence可信赖credential证件creditcard信用卡Equ:equality平等equalize使平等equator赤道a.RootsFac:factoryfacilityGraph:monograph专著photographMor(t):mortuarymortalNomin:nominatenomineePort:portablepotagen.搬运Voc:vocalvociferate喊叫v.vociferous喧哗的b.Prefixes(not)a-:amoralasexualamoralimmoralimmortalmortalMal-:maltreatmentmalfunctionmalnutritionCounter-:~balance,抗衡~act,~actionb.Prefixes(time)Ante-:anteroom接待室antemeridianantecedentantenatal产前Fore-:forearmforebearforefatherforecastPre-:precedent先例preamble前言prearrangeprecautionPost-:posterity后人postmeridian经络posteriorpostponeb.Prefixes(number)Uni-:unicornuniformunifyunilateral单方面Mono-:monologue独白monogamymonogamousPoly-:polygamypolymer聚合体polygon多边形Multi-:~lateral~colored~culturalBi-:bicycle,bilateral,biannual,bicameral,bicentenary,二百周年bicentennialTri-:tricycle,triangle,triceps三头肌tetra-:tetracycline四环素，tetragonPentagon,hexagon,heptagon(September),octagon,(October,octopus),decagonb.prefixes(placement)Ab-:abbreviation,abandon,abate减少,abdicate弃权Circum-:circumstance,~solar(sun)Com-:commemorate,commingle混合，De-:去degrade,detergentdeterioratedeleteEx-:exotic国外的extrovertexpandexpatriate驱逐国籍Per-:perforate刺穿perceiveSub-:subordinatesubscribe(write)c.Suffixes-al:regal帝王的,legal,moral-ism:imperialism,socialism,patriotism-hood:brotherhood,手足情谊childhood,neighborhoodBorrowedwords英语新闻报刊词汇的显著特色之一就是经常掺用外来语，尤其是新闻报道中记者提及外国的或新近出现的事物时，为引起读者的兴趣与注意，或更贴切地表达某词语的内涵，这种现象就更为突出。有些外来语，由于经常使用或使用时间已久，已经完全英语化，印刷时往往不再用大写字母或以斜体字标出。如：visa(法语)签证，blitz(德语)闪电行动，kungfu(中文)功夫，Go(日语)围棋]PRETORIA(AgenciesviaXinhua)—NelsonMandelatooktheoathofofficeyesterdaytobecomeSouthAfrica‘sfirstblackpresidentinagloriouscelebrationendingtheagonyofapartheidandmarkingthecountry’sreturntotheworldcommunity.Nomatterwhathispersonaleccentricities，thefilmsstarringthiskungfumasterhavemadealucrativehitinHongKongandTaiwan，andit'snowrock-n-rollingitswaytonewaudienceroundthemainland．一些常见诸报端的外来语：attache（法语）随行人员glasnost（俄语）公开性；开放jujitsu（日语）柔术karate（日语）空手道laissez-faire（法语）自由主义Lebensraum（德语）生存空间perannum（拉丁语）每年rapport（法语）和睦；友好rendezvous（法语）约会(地点)sumo（日语）相扑tsunamiMetonymy在新闻报道中借用各国首都、大城市等地名、著名建筑物名称以及政府首脑姓名，以替代该国或其政府及有关机构。有时还借用某个物名来表示某个意思，这实属新闻英语的一个独创。英语报刊中经常借用的人名、物名、建筑物名称乃至别名等专有名词多属习常见惯的。如：BigApple(大苹果)美国纽约市BigBoard(纽约证券交易所的大行情板)纽约证券所)Broadway(百老汇大街)美国或纽约市商业性戏剧(业)CityofAngels(天使城)洛杉矶CityofBrotherlyLove(博爱城)费城CitybytheGoldenGate(金门城)旧金山市CrescentCity(新月城)新奥尔良市DiceCity(赌城)(美国以夜总会和赌场著称的)拉斯韦加斯市EmpireState(帝国州)纽约州FunCity(逍遥城)纽约市GoldenState(黄金州)加利福尼亚州Hollywood(好莱坞)美国电影业；美国电影界HuboftheUniverse(宇宙中心)波士顿市1)名词+现在分词cancer-causingdrug致癌药物policy-makingbody决策机构Peace-keepingforce维和部队Oil-producingcountry产油国2)形容词+现在分词long-standingissuewide-spreadingAIDShigh-rankingofficialfar-reachingsignificance3)名词+过去分词blood-cementedfriendshippoverty-strickenareaexport-orientedeconomy4)形容词+过去分词deep-rootedsocialproblemsquick-frozenfoodforeign-ownedenterpriselong-facedjobloser5)副词+过去分词dimly-litroomwell-informedsourcerichly-paidjobhighly-sophisticatedtechnology6)名词+形容词inflation-proofdepositvehicle-freepromenade/streetinterest-freeloanlabor-intensiveenterprise7)名词+名词arms-reductiontalksyear-endreportlabor-managementconflictsupply-demandimbalance8)形容词+名词long-term，low-interestloantop-leveltalkfair-tradeagreementlong-rangenuclearmissile9)数词+名词100-metredashone-mangovernmentone-waystreet21-gunsalute10)名词+to+名词face-to-facetalkhand-to-mouthpayground-to-airmissiledusk-to-dawncurfew11)综合性词组或短语touch-and-goaffairmiddle-of-the-roadpolicybe-kind-to-animalcampaignsee-while-you-talkphonegood-to-excellentcareon-the-spotinterviewon-the-jobtrainingone-country-two-systempolicy汉语新词英译改革开放以来，现代汉语中出现了大量的新词汇，包括旧词新义、流行语、外来新词语等；甚至不少己湮没多年的旧词语也频频亮相，给人们以耳目一新之感。在改革开放的今天，由于词典等工具书的编纂周期难以赶上现实生活中新词语的产生速度，我们面临的一大难题就是如何把这些新词语译成地道的英语。而英语报刊正好起到了为一般双语词典“拾遗补缺”的作用，如“拳头产品”、“人才流动”、“三资企业”、“扫黄运动”、“小康水平”、“退居二线”，“与国际接轨”等词语的英译，首先都是见诸英语报端的。1）Thecentralgovernmentcalledoneveryregiontodevelopitsownexport-orientedhitproductsaccordingtoitslocaladvantagesandcharacteristic.（中央政府号召各地利用本地优势和特点开发当地的出口型拳头产品。）2）Inordertofullytapthehumanresources，therationalflowoftrainedpersonnelshouldnotonlybeallowedbutalsobeencouraged．（为了充分发掘人才潜力，不仅应该允许人才合理流动，而且还要鼓励人才流动。）3）Tofurtherdeveloptheexport-orientedeconomy,Shanghaiistomakeanumberofpreferentialpoliciessoontoencouragebusinesspeoplebothathomeandabroadtosetupmoreenterprisesinthethreeformsofventures,i.e.enterprisesforSino-foreignjointventure,forSino-foreignco-productionandenterpriseswithsoleforeigncapital.为了进一步发展外向型经济，上海最近将出台一系列优惠政策，以鼓励国内外经营者创建更多的三资企业，即中外合资企业、中外合作企业和外商独资企业。4）ThenextobjectivefortheChinesepeopletostriveforistoreachthewell-to-dolevel．中国人民的下一个奋斗目标是在本世纪末达