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日托福阅读真题智课网整理第一篇：远古鱼是怎么进化成陆地动物的2012.9.2ML海洋生物的进化2.还有一篇讲的是远古海里生物、鱼怎么上岸的。说是最开始的鱼都在海里，后来好多地儿只要是aquatic的地儿都有鱼，特别是一种鱼record最多，有图。后来又说鱼不光有gill还有lung辅助呼吸，这样在干旱的时候他们能从要没水的地儿到水很多的地儿(呃，好像是这样，有题)然后干旱啊，水都少了，河边上都是死鱼，inaddition水生植物也都出来了，螃蟹也上岸了(有题)后来又说到牙齿，food什么的(有题，我选的是carnivo)，又说虽然上岸了，还是不离水太远(好像是，有题，是个选项)。最后说鱼就通过骨骼生长就岸了(考最后一句，扩折号举例)不全，有几段忘了，呵呵呵词汇：aquatic水生的record记录gill鳃lung肺respiration呼吸inaddition另外crab螃蟹carnivore食肉动物背景复原：Evolutionoffish:FishfirstappearedduringtheCambrianexplosion,around530millionyearsago(Ma).Earlyfishfromthefossilrecordarerepresentedbyagroupofsmall,jawless,armouredfishknownasostracoderms.Jawlessfishlineagesaremostlyextinct.Anextantclade,thelampreysmayapproximateancientpre-jawedfish.ThefirstjawsarefoundinPlacodermfossils.Thediversityofjawedvertebratesmayindicatetheevolutionaryadvantageofajawedmouth.Itisuncleariftheadvantageofahingedjawisgreaterbitingforce,improvedrespiration,oracombinationoffactors.Thefirstanimalstoventureontodrylandwerearthropods.Somefishhadlungsand(10meters)long.Othertypesofbone-platedfishthatlackedjawsdevelopedarangeofbizarreforms.Fossilspecimensincludespecieswithhorseshoe-shapedheadsandothersthatlookedlikeroundedshields.FromWatertoLandOneimportantideainevolutionisthatcreaturesfromtheoceansslowlyevolvedtoliveandwalkonland.Fishhavedifferentmusclesandbonestructurethanlandanimals,sotheevolutionoffishwouldhaverequiredthechangeofmanydifferentkindsofbodyparts.Onewayscientistsexaminetheseevolutionarychangesisbylookingatfossils,likethedinosaursyouseeinmuseums.Fossilsareanancientrecordofcreaturesthatlivedonearthhundredsofthousandsofyearsago.Butmostfossilsareonlythehardenedskeletonsofcreatures.Becausemusclesandothersofterpartsofanimalsdonotusuallybecomefossils,scientistsrunintoproblemswhentryingtolearnaboutmuscleevolution.Insteadoflookingatfossils,theyhavetousecreativewaystofigureoutmuscleevolution.KnightiaThisisalittlefishfromtheEocenethatisrepresentedbyliterallythousandsofspecimens,andiswhyitisoneofthemostcommonfossilsofferedtocollectors.Knightiaisagoodexampleofhowseeminglysmallandunimportantfishcanmakeupaveryimportantpartofanecosystemandprovidemuchofthebiomassthatotheranimalsfeedupon.第二篇：欧洲1400-1500年间经济蓬勃发展的原因版本一：就说城市人口多了，需要买更多东西，于是人们的income增加。然后政府也在主动促进某些产业发展。然后因为有migrant，很多资金和商品开始流动。很多只在本地销售的商品在别处出现了，商品销售量提高运输的成本也降低了因为运输货物比之前更安全。最后因为技术进步，产品成本降低了，比如挖矿的时候可以利用本来没用的矿版本二：欧洲industrial贸易什么的。移民人口增多，需求增大，各种促进。然后技术革新，cost降低，transportation也更新。TheindustrialrevolutioninEurope-somethingonhowthe“determinants”oftheindustrialrevinEurope.Alsomentionsomethingabouttheprinting.背景复原：TheCommercialRevolutionwasaperiodofEuropeaneconomicexpansion,colonialism,andmercantilismwhichlastedfromapproximatelythe13thcenturyuntiltheearly18thcentury.Itwassucceededinthemid-18thcenturybytheIndustrialRevolution.BeginningwiththeCrusades,Europeansrediscoveredspices,silks,andothercommoditiesrareinEurope.Thisdevelopmentcreatedanewdesirefortrade,andtradeexpandedinthesecondhalfofthemiddleAges.Europeannations,throughvoyagesofdiscovery,werelookingfornewtraderoutesinthe15thand16thcenturies,whichallowedtheEuropeanpowerstobuildvast,newinternationaltrade(1450-17thcentury),theEuropeaneconomiccentershiftedfromtheIslamicMediterraneantoWesternEurope(Portugal,Spain,France,theNetherlands,andtosomeextentEngland).Thisshiftwascausedbythesuccessfulcircumnavi