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第七节虚拟语气所以也是各类英语考试的热点。学习者必须把各种类型的虚拟语气结构各记住一个或两个例句，再做大量练习，方可解决虚拟语气这个语法难点。1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用Ⅰ、虚拟语气现在时的句型是：从句：If+主语+动词过去式(be变were)+…，主句：主语+would(should,could,might)+动词原形+…表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况:Ifshewere20yearsyounger,shewouldmarrythemillionaire.IfhewenttoBeijingtoday,hewouldbuyyouanewbicycle.Ⅱ、虚拟语气将来时的句型是：从句：If+主语+should(或wereto)+动词原型+…主句：主语+would（should，could，might）+动词原形+…表示对未来事实实现的可能性不大的虚拟语气，记住例句：Ifheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldgivehimthedictionarythatheneeds.IfMr.Liweretodotheexperimentnextweek,hemightreadtheinstructionscarefully.Ⅲ、虚拟语气过去时的结构是：从句：If+主语+过去完成式(haddone\hadbeendone)…主句：主语+would(或should,could,might)+完成式…表示对过去没有发生过的情况的假设:Ifhehadstudiedharder,hewouldhavepassedtheEnglishtest.Ifshehadcomeearlieryesterday,shewouldhaveseenherson.大部分学生对上述一般虚拟条件句型比较熟悉，而本单元强调的是下述难点，学生应仔细理解，认真记住每一项的一两个例句。Ifhewereto(should)beelectednextyear,hewouldhavetoshowthatheisloyaltothepeopleofhiscountry.Iftheydidnotleaveatonce,theywouldn’tbeabletocatchthetrain.Ifthepolicemanhadarrivedearlier,hewouldhaveseentheaccident.二、含蓄条件句有时，假设的情况不是用条件句来表示，而是用without，intheabsenceof,butfor等引导的介词短语或butthat，but，or（else），otherwise等并列连词引导的并列句或在上下文或对话的情景中隐含着某种假设的情况。这时，应根据情况判断虚拟语气是现在时、过去时还是将来时,进而决定采用哪种对应的虚拟语气形式。例如：1.Iwasinahurrythatday;otherwiseIwouldhavestoppedtotalktoyou.(=IfIhadnotbeeninahurrythatday,Iwouldhave...)2.Youcouldhaveavoidedmakingsuchamistake,butyoudidn’ttakeheradvice.(=Ifyouhadtakenheradvice,youcouldhave...)3.Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.(=Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,suchmistakes...)4.Itwouldbewrongnottotakethisintoconsideration.(Ifwedidnottakethisintoconsideration,itwouldbewrong.)5.“IwashopingtoaskJohntoteachmetoplaytheguitarbeforeheleft.”“I'msurehe’dhavebeengladtoteachyou.”(=Ifhehadnotleft,he'dhavebeengladto...)6.Butforhishelp/Withouthim,Ishouldhavefailed.7.Butthatwehadanaccident,wemighthavecomeearlier.8.Awiserfatherwouldneverneglecttheeducationofhischildren.9.Intheabsenceofwaterandair,mancouldnotlivelong.10.Butforhisselflesshelp,wewouldhavebeencapturedaliveyesterday.试做下列选择题1._____thetruth,hewouldn’thavelentheranymoney.A.JackhasknownB.DidJackknewC.ShouldJackknowD.HadJackknown2.Givenmoretimeandmoney,he____itbetterthanwhatitis.A.didB.haddoneC.couldhavedoneD.woulddo3.Thiskindofworkishardanddangerous.But___youwouldbecomerich.A.wouldyousucceedB.couldyousucceedC.mightyousucceedD.shouldyousucceed4.Anymaninhisposition＿＿likethat．A.havedoneB.wouldhavedoneC.wouldbedoneD.wouldbedoing5.He____youmorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy.A.cangiveB.wouldhavegivenC.couldnotgiveD.oughttogive6.IwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastnightifI_____tostayathome.A.wasnotaskedB.hadnotbeenaskedC.shouldnotbeaskedD.werenotasked正确答案：1.Ｄ2.Ｃ3.Ｄ4.Ｂ5.B6.B三、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气在“简要说明”中所讲的一般虚拟条件句，主句和条件状语从句所表示的动作或状态都是发生在同一时间。但有时，条件状语从句和主句所表示的动作或状态发生在不同时间，这时，从句和主句要根据各自所发生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式。例如：1.条件从句表过去，主句表现在Iftheyhadleftyesterday,theywouldn’tbewalkingintherainnow.IfIhadnotcaughtyouundertheladderwhenyoufelloffityesterday,youwouldnotbelaughingnow.2.条件从句表过去，主句表将来Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,weshouldn’tdaretostartnextweek.IfIhadnotvisitedthatcountrylastyear,Iwouldnotbeabletogiveyouaspeechaboutthatcountrytomorrow.3.条件从句表将来，主句表过去IfIwerenottotaketheexaminationtomorrow,Iwouldhavegonetothetheatrewithyoulastnight.ShouldInotflytheU.S.A.toattendthemeetingtomorrow,Iwouldhaveaccompaniedmymothertohospitalthedaybeforeyesterday.4.条件从句表将来，主句表现在Ifweweren’ttohaveameetingthisafternoon,Iwouldgototheconcertnow.Shouldwenothavetoomuchworktodothisafternoon,wewouldhelpyouwiththehouseworknow.试做下列选择题：1.Ifhehadn’tgonethroughgoodtraining,he____themachinenow.A.wouldnothaveoperatedB.couldoperateC.couldnotoperatedD.couldnotoperate2.IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1955,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthiscountry____soserious.A.wouldn'tbeB.willnothavebeenC.wouldn'thavebeenD.wouldhavenotbeen3.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,he____itnow.A.wouldwatchB.wouldbewatchingC.wouldhavewatchedD.wouldhavebeenwatching4.Theywouldstillbemissingatseaifapassingship____them.A.didnotspotB.wasnotspottingC.hadnotspottedD.wouldnotspot(正确答案：1.D2.A3.B4.C)四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用Ⅰ、动词wish的宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.用wish表示现在的祝愿和抱歉或遗憾，宾语从句的谓语be用were(was),实义动词用过去式。例如：Iwishhewereherenow.IwishIrememberedhisname.2.用wish表示对将来事情的愿望，宾语从句的谓语是：would/could/might+动词原形。例如：Shewishesshewouldalwaysremainyoung.IwishIcouldhelpyoutomorrow.3.用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾，宾语从句的谓语用过去完成式(had+过去分词)或could+现在完成式(could+have+过去分词)。例如：IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovieswithyoulastnight.IwishyouhadnothurtJimsomuch.Heisstillverydepressed.注：wish后除了可跟上述的宾语从句外，还可跟不定式作宾语，或跟“sb.+不定式/形容词/名词”复合结构，表示一般的希望或祝愿，没有“虚拟”的意思。例如：Iwishonceagaintoexpressourwarmestwelcometoyou.(不定式作宾语)Whydon’tyouwishhimtoacceptthepost?(不定式复合结构)Iwishyouwellandhappy.(形容词复合结构)Theywishedhimaquickrecovery.(双宾语)试做下列选择题:1.IwishI____thebookreportyesterday.A.hadfinishedtowriteB.couldhavefinishedwritingC.couldhavefinishedtowriteD.mightfinishedwriting2.Iwishthattheweather____notsowarm.A.beB.isC.wereD.wasbeing3.Marywishedthatshe____lawinsteadofhistorywhenshewasincollege.A.studied/couldstudyB.hasstudied/canhavestudiedC.hadstudied/couldhavestudiedD.studied