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。文章第一段叙述王朝背景，说它在地中海附近，曾繁荣一时，后来因为诸多原因走向衰败。文章每一段列举一个原因。第一个原因说一个伟大的君主sultan，在统治期间不停扩张领地，经济贸易发展很好，但后几任君主没有这样的魄力。第二个原因是王权旁落，那位伟大君主没有非常依靠高管来进行管理，但其继任者都或多或少被高官削弱了权力。第三个原因是女性的影响。联姻导致其他国家或部族的势力进入本朝，并会出现母壮而子少的情况，王权最终被削弱。最后一个原因是随着经济发展，传统贸易通路被阻隔，经济影响虽然不是立竿见影，但对王朝发展存在缓慢而深远的影响。解析：本文属历史类话题，主要围绕古代王朝的发展来谈，从文章结构来说，很明确是因果关系类文章，详述了四点不同原因，比较常见的是经济原因，在托福阅读中常常会被分析到。比较少见的具有独特性的就是女性影响，这是奥斯曼帝国苏丹（帝国首领）的权力旁落的原因之一。TheSultanateofWomenTheSultanateofWomen(Turkish:KadınlarSaltanatı)wasthenearly130-yearperiodduringthe16thand17thcenturieswhenthewomenoftheImperialHaremoftheOttomanEmpireexertedextraordinarypoliticalinfluenceoverstatemattersandoverthe(male)Ottomansultan.ManyoftheSultansduringthistimewereminorsanditwastheirmothers,theValideSultans(theleadersoftheHarem),who(OttomanTurkish:هدلاوناطلس,literallyMotherSultan)wasthetitleheldbythemotherofarulingSultanintheOttomanEmpire.Thetitlewasfirstusedinthe16thcenturyforAyşeHafsaSultan,consortofSelimIandmotherofSuleimantheMagnificent,supersedingtheprevioustitleofmehd-iülya(“cradleofthegreat”).TheTurkishpronunciationofthewordValideis[vaː.liˈde].Thetitleissometimestranslatedasqueenmother,althoughthepositionofvalidesultanwasquitedifferent.ThepositionwasperhapsthemostimportantpositionintheOttomanEmpireafterthesultanhimself.Asthemothertothesultan,byIslamictradition(Amother'srightisGod'sright),thevalidesultanwouldhaveasignificantinfluenceontheaffairsoftheempire.Shehadgreatpowerinthecourtandherownrooms(alwaysadjacenttohersons)andstatestaff.Inparticularduringthe17thcentury,inaperiodknownastheSultanateofWomen,aseriesofincompetentorchildsultansraisedtheroleofthevalidesultantonewheights.TheSultanateofWomenbeganwithHürremSultanandcontinuedbyNurbanuSultan,motherofMuradIII.Asvalidesultanin1574-1583,Nurbanuwasthedefactoco-ruler,andmanagedthegovernmenttogetherwiththeGrandVizierSokolluMehmedPasha.Themostpowerfulofallvalidesultansandhasekisultans第二篇TOPIC英国农业发展讲英国之所以能够较其他欧洲国家先进的原因。第一个原因是introductionofnewcrops，有种作物又好种又好吃，还有营养。这种植物是只给livestock吃的，后来在英国广泛种植。第二个原因是私人区域privatearea。之前大家都share一个草场，如果有人要引进新物种，就要得到大家的一致同意，非常不好。现在用篱笆等把土地分隔开来，每个家庭都可以自己愿意种什么就种什么，而且还可以使用自家的劳动力。富裕家庭可以雇长工。以前这被认为是劳动力的浪费，后来发现挺不错。第三个原因是科技technology的发展，新技术新机器被用于耕种，大大提高农业种植效率。最后提到market，家庭手工业发展使农业不再繁荣。解析：本文属农业话题，主要围绕英国农业发展来谈。文章结构和第一篇一样，也是因果类文章，分成三点来谈。因果类文章在TPO中非常常见，而且一般多以3-4点原因的描述为主，考题的最后一题也恰巧可以利用三个正确选项一一对应。AgricultureintheUnitedKingdomBefore1500(insteadofsubsistence)andbetterconditions.Also,therewereaseriesofpoorharvestsafterabout1315,coincidingwithsomeevidence(fromtreerings)ofpoorweatheracrossthewholeofnorthernEurope,whichcontinuedonandoffuntilabout1375.Thepopulationdidnotrecoverto1300levelsfortwoorthreehundredyears.1500to1750WhenKingHenryVIIIcausedhimselftobemadeSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandin1531,hesetaboutthedissolutionoftheMonasteries,whichwaslargelycompleteby1540.ThemonasterieshadbeenamongtheprincipallandownersintheKingdomandtheCrowntookovertheirland,amountingtoabout2,000,000acres(810,000ha).ThislandwaslargelysoldofftofundHenry'smilitaryambitionsinFranceandScotland,andthemainbuyerswerethearistocracyandlandedgentry.Agricultureboomedasgrainpricesincreasedsixfoldby1650.Improvementsintransport,particularlyalongriversandcoasts,broughtbeefanddairyproductsfromthenorthofEnglandtoLondon.(wheat,turnips,barleyandclover)whichallowedfertilitytobemaintainedwithmuchlessfallowland.Cloverandturnipsnotonlyintroducenitridesintothesoil,butarealsogoodfoddercropsforlivestock,whichinturnimprovethesoilagainbytheirmanure.1750to1850Between1750and1850,theEnglishpopulationnearlytripled,withanestimatedincreasefrom5.