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1I.Definition[分值调整：考4个，每个5分]20%1.DramaticmonologueDramaticmonologueisatypeoflyricpoemperfectedbyRobertBrowningasrepresentedbyhis‘MyLastDuchess’,‘TheRingandtheBook’,etc.Dramatichasthefollowingfeatures:(1)asingleperson,whoispatentlynotthepoet,uttersthespeechthatmakesupthewholeofthepoem,inaspecificsituationatacriticalmoment.(2)Thispersonaddressesandinteractswithoneormoreotherpeoplewhosepresenceisimaginary.(3)Themainprinciplecontrollingthepoet’scompositionistorevealtothereaderthespeaker’stemperamentandcharacter.2.SentimentalismAtermappliedtowhatisperceivedtobeanover-indulgenceinthetenderemotionsofhumanheart,sentimentalismcameintobeinginthemiddleofthe18thcenturyBritainastheresultofbitterdiscontentanddissatisfactionamongtheenlightenedpeoplewithsocialrealityandtheprinciplesoforderandreasonpreachedbytheclassicists.Sentimentalismturnedtothecountrysideforitsmaterialandisinstrikingcontrasttoclassicism,whichconfineditselftotheclubs,drawing-rooms,socialandpoliticallife.Thepoetryofsentimentalistsismarkedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants.3.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism,aphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatdevelopedinthe1830sand1840sasaprotesttotheintellectualismatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineofUnitarianchurch,drewitssourcefromKantianidealismandOrientalmysticism.ItwasthereassertionofreligiousidealismofthePuritanpastandFranklin’sidealaboutself-cultureandself-improvement.EmphasiswasplacedonthecoexistenceoftheOversoul,theindividualandNature.Emerson’sNatureservedasitsmanifestationandThoreautesteditsvaluesinWaldenbywithdrawingfromsocietalcomplexitiesanddistractionstoalifeofsolitudeandself-relianceinnature.Transcendentalism4.ByronicHeroTheByronicheroisavariantoftheRomanticheroasatypeofcharacter,namedaftertheEnglishRomanticpoetGeorgeGordonByron.BothLordByron'slifeandwritingshavebeenconsideredindifferentwaystoexemplifythetype.TheByronicherofirstappearsinByron'ssemi-autobiographicalepicnarrativepoemChildeHarold'sPilgrimage(1812–1818),andwasdescribedbythehistorianandcriticLordMacaulayasamanproud,moody,cynical,withdefianceonhisbrow,andmiseryinhisheart,ascornerofhiskind,implacableinrevenge,yetcapableofdeepandstrongaffection.5.PuritanismThemostenduringshapinginfluenceinAmericanthoughtandliterature,PuritanismwasoriginallyareligiousreformmovementthataimedtorestorethepurityoftheChurchofEnglandandpreachedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonement.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootintheNewWorld--amigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofNewEngland.ItwasnotonlycoincidentwiththefoundingofNewEnglandbutalsoakilljoywayoflifecharacterizedbyreligiousintoleranceandausterityoftaste.6.LocalColorismLocalcolorism,otherwisecalledregionalism,isaliterarytrendthatmadeitsfirstpresenceinlate1860sandearly1870sinBretHarte’s“TheLuckofRoaringCamp”.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingwithatouchofhumorlocalcharactersoftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizedandglorify,butneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theydealtexplicitlythelocalenvironment,coinedtheword“veritism”fortheparticularbrandofrealism.NovelistsofthisschoolincludedMarkTwain,KateChopin,andHarrietBeecherStowe.27.ClassicismAsaspecificgenreofphilosophy,classicismexpresseditselfinliterature,architecture,artandmusicparticularlyinNeoclassicismoftheAgeofEnlightenment.DrawingsourcesfromAncientGreekandRoman,classiciststriedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrules.Rimedcouplets,unitiesoftime,placeandaction,regularityinconstruction,andpresentationoftypesweresomestandardsofdrama.Poetryshouldbelyric,epic,didactic,satiricordramatic.Proseshouldbeprecise,directandflexible.Inthe18thCenturyEngland,majorexponentsofclassicismincludedAlexanderPope,JosephAddison,RichardSteeleandSamuelJohnson.8.HarlemRenaissanceItisaperiodofremarkablecreativityinliteraturebyAfrican-AmericansformtheendofWWIthroughthe1920s.AsaresultofthemassmigrationsbothtoescapelegalsegregationofAmericanSouthandtotakeadvantageofjobsopenedtotheblacks,thepopulationoftheregionknownasHarlembecameexclusivelyBlackandthecentreofAfrican-Americanculture.DistinguishedfiguresincludedLangstonHughesandJeanToomer.TheGreatDepressionof1929broughtittoanend.Hurston’snovelslikeTheirEyeswereWatchingatGodarewidelyacclaimedasproductsoftheHarlemRenaissance.9.StreamofconsciousnessStreamofconsciousnessisanarrativemodethatseekstoportrayanindividual'spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter'sthoughtprocesseseitherininteriormonologueorinconnectiontohisactions.Stream-of-consciousnesswriting,usuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologue,ischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinthoughtandlackofpunctuation.Distinguishedfromdramaticmonologueandsoliloquywherethespeakerisaddressinganaudienceorathirdpersonchieflyinpoetryordrama,instreamofconsciousnessthespeaker'sthoughtprocessesaremoreoftendepictedasoverheardinthemind.10.TheBeatGenerationTheBeatGenerationwasagroupofAmericanpost-WorldWarIIwriterscomingtoprominenceinthe1950s,aswellast