新四级写作2

AcademicWritingIIGraceAcademicWritingII•Paragraph•Aparagraphisabasicunitoforganizationinwritinginwhichagroupofrelatedsentencesdeveloponemainidea.Agoodparagraphshouldincludeatleast3parts:topicsentence,supportingsentenceandconclusionsentence.•Thefollowingmodelcontainsalltheelementsofagoodparagraph.Readitcarefullytwoorthreetimesandtrytoanalyzeitsstructure.AcademicWritingII•Gold•Gold,apreciousmedal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhaslustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurpose.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainuntarnishedtodayastheday.Itwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.AcademicWritingII•Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplicants.Themostrecentuseofgoldisastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.AcademicWritingII•TheThreePartsofaParagraph•Aparagraphhasthreemajorstructuralparts:•atopicsentence,•supportingsentences•aconcludingsentence.AcademicWritingIIAcademicWritingIIAcademicWritingIIAcademicWritingIIAcademicWritingII•Thetopicsentencestatesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Itnotonlynamesthetopicoftheparagraph,butitalsolimitsthetopictooneortwoareasthatcanbediscussedcompletelyinthespaceofasingleparagraph.Thespecificareaiscalledthecontrollingidea.AcademicWritingII•Noticehowthetopicsentenceofthemodelstatesboththetopicandthecontrollingidea:•(Topic)(ControllingIdea)•Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.AcademicWritingII•Supportingsentencesdevelopthetopicsentence.Thatis,theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreason,example,facts,statistics,andquotations.Someofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceaboutgoldare•Firstofall,goldhaslustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.•Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainuntarnishedtodayastheday.Itwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.•Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.•Themostrecentuseofgoldisastronauts’suits.AcademicWritingII•Theconclusionsentencesignalstheendofaparagraphandleavesthereaderwithimportantpointstoremember:•Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.AcademicWritingII•UnityandCoherence:•Inadditiontothethreestructuralpartsofaparagraph,agoodparagraphalsohastheelementsofunityandcoherence.AcademicWritingII•Unitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachandeverysupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea.If,forexample,youannounceinyourtopicsentencethatyouaregoingtodiscusstwoimportantcharacteristicsofgold,discussonlythose.Donotdiscussanythingelsesuchasthepriceofgold,thehistoryofgold,orgoldmining.AcademicWritingII•Coherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandandbecause(1)yoursupportingsentencesareinsomekindoflogicalorderand(2)yourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals.AcademicWritingII•Insummary,awell-writtenparagraphcontainsfiveelements:•atopicsentence•supportingsentences•aconcludingsentence•unity•coherenceAcademicWritingII•TheTopicSentence:•Everygoodparagraphhasatopicsentence,whichclearlystatesthetopicandthecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.Itisacompletesentence.Itisusually(butnotalways)thefirstsentenceintheparagraph.AcademicWritingII•Atopicsentenceisthemostimportantsentenceinaparagraph.Itbrieflyindicateswhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss.Forthisreason,thetopicsentenceisahelpfulguidetoboththewriterandthereader.Thewritercanseewhatinformationtoinclude.Thereadercanseewhattheparagraphisgoingtobeandisthereforebetterpreparedtounderstandit.AcademicWritingII•Therearethreeimportantpointstorememberaboutthetopicsentence:•Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence,thatis,itcontainsasubject,averb,and(usually)acomplement.Thefollowingarenotcompletesentences:•Drivinganfreeways•theimportanceofgold•howtoregisterforcollegeclassesAcademicWritingII•Atopicsentencecontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea.Itnamesthetopicandthenlimitsthetopictoaspecificareatobediscussedinthespaceofasingleparagraph.Thefollowingexamplesshowhowatopicsentencestatesboththetopicandthecontrollingideainacompletesentence.AcademicWritingII•Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillsandalertness.•Gold,apreciousmental,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.•Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.AcademicWritingII•Atopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphbecauseitgivesonlythemainidea.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.•Propertopicsentence:•TheArabicoriginofmanyEnglishwordsisnotalwaysobvious.AcademicWritingII•Toospecifictopicsentence:•Theslangexpression“solong”isprobablyacorruptionoftheArabic“salaam.”•Toogeneraltopicsentence:•Englishisadifficultlanguagetolearn.•TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentenceAcademicWritingII•TheTwoPartsofaTopicSentence•Twoessentialparts:•thetopicandthecontrollingidea.Thetopicnamesthesubjectormainideaoftheparagraph.Thecontrollingideamakesas