!第一篇词法五、连词(一)连词是一种在句子与句子之间,短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词,它不是对等的。常有的并列连词有and,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义有转折的并列连词有:but,however,while(而),only(只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如:or,orelse,otherwise…再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有:for,so,therefore(因此),then从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句,如:that,if,whether,其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句,常用的连接词有:whenwhile,as,since,before,after,once,assoonas,until,till连接条件状语的连词有:if,unless,aslongas等,而原因状语的连接词有because,since,as,nowthat(既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有:sothat,so…that,such…that,as…as,than,where…连词用法一览表种类功用例句并列连词连接具有并列关系的词HeknowsneitherEnglishnorFrench.短语Areyougoingbybusoronfoot?分句Marywasagoodgirl,butshehadoneshortcoming从属连词引导:状语从句I'lldoitasyoutoldme.Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.连接代词和连接副词主语从句Whathesaidprovedtrue.Whenwe'llstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.表语从句Thisiswhyhedidn'tcomeyesterday.Thatiswherehelives.宾语从句ThemanaskedmewhichIlikedbest.Ican'tunderstandwhysheissolate.关系代词和关系副词定语从句Nicotineisadrugthatgetsoneintothehabitofsmoking.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.(二)[误]Bothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.[正]Neitherofmyparentsishere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.[析]在英语中both一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如:Bothofusarenotright.在英语中应被理解为我们俩不都对。而Neitherofusisright。才能被理解为我们俩无一正确[误]Heorhisparentshassometicketsforthefilm.![正]Heorhisparentshavesometicketsforthefilm.[析]由or[误]Youshouldstudyhard,andyouwon'tpasstheexam.[正]Youshouldstudyhard,oryouwon'tpasstheexam.[析]or作为连词,这里的意思为否则。又如:Hurryup,oryou'llbelateforschool.[误]Thoughheispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.[正]Thoughheispoor,heisreadytohelpothers.[正]Heispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.[析]虽然……但是是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了虽然则不要用但是,用了但是则不能再用虽然[误]EitheryouorIareonduty.[正]EitheryouorIamonduty.[析]either…or连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso[误]TomisourEnglishteacherandteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.[正]TomisourEnglishteacherandisteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.[析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不[误]Myfatherlikesswimmingandtocollectstamps.[正]Myfatherlikesswimmingandcollectingstamps.[析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词,如[误]Myfatherisreadinganewspaper,Iamdoingmyhomework.[正]MyfatherisreadinganewspaperwhileIamdoingmyhomework.[析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号[误]MyfatheraskedmethatifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.[正]MyfatheraskedmeifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.[析][误]WewillgobothtoBeijingandShanghai.[正]WewillgotobothBeijingandShanghai.[析]用both…and[误]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersisgoingtodance.[正]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersaregoingtodance.[析]由notonly…butalso…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语[误]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsarecoming.[正]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsiscoming.[析]由aswellas连接两个主语时,谓语动词与aswellas后面的名词无关,而与前面的[误]Tomdoesnotswimnorplayfootball.[正]Tomdoesnotswimorplayfootball.[析]nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词,如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or,但要注意句子的含意,如:Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacoworahorse.这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This!animaldoesnotlikeacowbutahorse.[误]Forthereisnolightintheclassroom.Thestudentsmusthavegonehome.[正]Thestudentsmusthavegonehome,forthereisnolightintheclassroom.[析]由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句首,而应置于主句之后,并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because,as,since与for4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系,是最强的一个,而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词[误]MybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.[正]ThatmybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.[析]主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。[误]Thismapwillshowyouhowwillyougettothehotel.[正]Thismapwillshowyouhowyouwillgettothehotel.[析]名词性从句作宾语从句使用时,最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词,如:tell,ask,show…[误]Whiletheclockstruchten,allthelightswentout.[正]Whentheclockstruckten,allthelightswentout.[析]while是强调两个动作在同时进行中,如:WhileIamdoingmyhomework,myfatherisreadinganewspaper.而这里的when是正当某某时刻,就在这一时间点上,其重点强调在某[误]WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.[析]这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中,另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作[误]WhileIheardthebadnewsIfeltsad.[正]WhenIheardthebadnews,Ifeltsad.[析]while[误]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,orothersgotothelibrary.[正]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,whileothersgotothelibrary.[析]while在此处意为而,然而[误]Shesangwhenshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.[正]Shesangasshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.[析]as用于句中时,其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语[误]Ifinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[正]Ididn'tfinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[正]Ididmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[析]until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束,那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词,如果要用瞬间,或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作,因一出门即为离开了,而不离开则是长[误]IhavestudiedEnglishwhenIwastwelve.[正]IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwastwelve.[析]since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点,而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点,![误]Becausehedidn'tstudyhard,sohedidn'tpasstheexam.[正]Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard.[析]because与so[误]Hewassuchexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.[正]Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.[析]so与such的用法可以分为四种情况,①用于单数可数名词之前,其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词,如:Itissuchabeautifulbookthateverychildlikesit.也可以用so,其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词,如:Itwassobeautifulabookthateverychildlikesit.②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherthatwewanttoswim.又如:Theyaresuchgoodstudentsthattheycanpasstheexameasily.③在few,little,much