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翻译炙热考点一．从多变到一致以语境为媒介！1.英汉词汇均多义——义由境生SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?2.英语用词多替换——互文现义（近义词、指代关系出现）------统一翻译！Virus→thisviciousprogram→thesemaliciouscodes（邪恶代码）翻译必须理解为病毒Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Themonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,ithadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.不定式做宾语，solo根据上文互文现义，这只猴子最杰出的成就是学会了驾驶拖拉机，九岁的时候他已经学会独自驾驶。Therewillbetelevisionshowshostedbyrobots,将会出现由机器人主持的电视节目andcarswithpollutionmonitors还会出现有污染监控器的汽车thatwilldisablethem在车辆污染超标时，监控器会使车辆停止运行。whentheyoffend.3.【真题范例】Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.[2003-61-36]而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidence…[2010-46-31]英语汉语1用词多变异&^$#&*$^2表述多抽象表述多具体3句子多被动句子多主动4句子多糅合句子多分解5句子重逻辑句子重语义6倒装7省略根据语境意译：shakyevidence：不可靠的证据，站不住脚的证据。jumpedtotherescue：跳过去说明是慌乱的状态，jump急忙rescue解围，救驾，n动词化用来解释，用来救驾。科学家赶快用明显站不住脚的证据来救驾【指代关系的例子】hebelievesthatthisverydifficulty…he：达尔文，名词要还原。Thisverydifficulty：指代他的表达困难。[2008-46-32]Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessthesetastes:艺术品位或艺术鉴赏力[2008-50-33]二．从抽象到具体1.名词转换为动词词组或分句Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.Evenanelementaryknowledgeofstatisticsissufficienttoenablethejournalisttoavoidmisleadinghisreaders.2.动词加入适当的宾语或转义（状语）Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.3.【真题范例】Thisseems这种观点看似ajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,justjustifyjustification在证明忽视那些经济拮据的人是正确的andarationalizationofexploitation,of剥削thesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.Rationalrationalize也在证明剥削、社会上层的优越感及社会底层的自卑感是合理的。[2011-48-31]【返回】三．从被动到主动MarywaskissedbyJohn.1.若by后为动作发出者，以其为主语，将句子主动化翻译；Whatmeasureshavebeenorarebeingadoptedbythegovernmenttoreduceairpollution?2.将“被”转换为“得到”“受到”“遭到”或“由”；Thediscoveryishighlyappreciatedinthecircleofscience.TheApolloXIIcrewreportedthattheirspaceshipwasbeingfollowedbytwoUFOs.Thisconferenceispresidedoverbyme.3.可以加入虚拟主语（人们、我们）或逻辑主语（推导），将句子主动化翻译；Theareahasbeenmarkedoutforbuildingmorehotels.Interestinhistoricmethodhasarisen.Thisresearchwasconducted300yearsago.Inthisresearch,themetalshouldbeheatedtoabout3000C.4.可以将被动句灵活转换为判断句或祈使句（情态动词）MyfirstfortyyearswerespentinSouthernEurope.Newsourcesofpowermustbefound,Thisproblemmustbesolved.andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelyto….5.被动结构Itshouldberealizedthat…Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat….Itcannotbedeniedthat…不可否认Ithasbeenillustratedthat…据说明；据图示；图中表示Ithasbeenprovedthat…已经证明Itis(usually)consideredthat…据(通常)估计；人们(通常)认为Itisassumedthat…假定Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itisallegedthat…据称Itisdemonstratedthat…已经证明，文中(图中)表明Itisestimatedthat…据估计Itisexpectedthat…人们希望Itisfoundthat…据发现；人们认为Itisgenerallyagreed/recognizedthat….人们通常认为/承认Itishoped/stilltobehopedthat…(我们)希望/仍希望Itismentionedthat…据说Itisnoticed/notedthat…人们注意到/前面已经指出Itisproposedthat…有人提议(指出)Itisrecommendedthat…有人推荐Itisregardedthat…人们认为Itisreportedthat…据报道Itissaidthat…据说Itisstressedthat…人们强调说Itissupposedthat…据推测；假定Itisthoughtthat…有人认为Itisuniversallyacceptedthat…普遍认为Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itiswellknownthat…必须承认Itshouldbepointedoutthat…必须指出Itwillbeseenfromitthat…由此可见6.【真题范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperation-processesofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’operation-processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。【返回】四．从糅合到分解欣赏：【英】Thelastfewdayshasfoundmeveryrestless.ThiseveningasIsatintheyardtoenjoythecool,itstruckmehowdifferentthelotuspoolIpasseverydaymustlookunderafullmoon.杨宪益【汉】这几天心里颇不宁静。今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。名词性从句：主语、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句（时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较）1.同位语从句That…1.跟随在抽象名词后，详解抽象名词信息；2.That从句不缺失某个名词。Whether…Wearecaughtinadilemma,whethershouldview…asablessingorcurse.可前：“同位语”，这……。可后：……，即“同位语”。thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizen有人认为记者必须比普通人更加深刻的理解法律，但是这种观点源自对既定惯例及媒体特殊责任的理解。但是有一种观点源自对既定惯例及媒体特殊责任的理解，即记者必须比普通人更加深刻的理解法律。Buttheidearestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.[2007-48-33]但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解2.定语从句1.n.+which/that/who…Ipurchasedahousethatissurroundedbyariver.2.n.+prep.+which…Ipurchasedahousebehindwhichlocatesawell.3.n.+where/when…IpurchasedahousewhereImarriedmyfirstwife.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIkissedHilaryforthefirsttime.4.…,which/as…Asisknowntoall,everythinghastwosides.Everythinghastwosides,whichisknowntoall.A.与主句相比，若从句简短，“……的”；B.与主句相比，若从句冗长，“另起语句”；C.若主句空洞，无论从句长短，“……的”；D.若主从之间蕴含某种逻辑关系，体现这种关系。InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-midiagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroups在欧洲，