unit10语用学--会话中的威胁面子行为

Unit10DoingFTAsinConversation会话中的威胁面子行为Contents10.1Thenotionofface10.2Face-threateningacts10.3StrategiesofdoingFTAs10.4Factorsbehindthestrategychoice10.1Thenotionofface---GoffmanGoffman(1967)defines“face”as“thepositivesocialvalueapersoneffectivelyclaimsforhimselfbythelineothersassumehehastakenduringaparticularcontact.Faceisanimageofselfdelineatedintermsofapprovedsocialattributes.”BrownandLevinson(1978/1987)developedGoffman’s(1967)notionoffaceintothewell-knownFaceTheory(FTforshort).10.1Thenotionofface---BrownandLevinsonAccordingtoBrownandLevinson(1978/1987),facemeansthepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimselforherself,ortheemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.Faceconsistsoftwoaspects:positivefacenegativefaceNegativeface消极面子thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-interference,i.e.tothefreedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition.e.g.threat,warning,order,etc.消极面子是指社会成员希望其行动不被别人干涉，即有行动的自由和自主决定的自由。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）Positiveface积极面子thepositiveconsistentself-imageor“personality”(cruciallyincludingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants.e.g.It’sverykindofyou.积极面子是指每个社会成员希望他的愿望受人顺从，自我形象被人欣赏和赞许。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）10.2Face-threateningacts在会话交际中，以上两种面子都可能受到威胁，例如：儿子：妈，我想出去玩一下。母亲：作业做完再说。室友：哎，这个铃声挺好听的。我：哪里好听了。Fourtypes:A.Actsthreateningthehearer’spositivefaceB.Actsthreateningthehearer’snegativefaceC.Actsthreateningthespeaker’spositivefaceD.Actsthreateningthespeaker’snegativefaceActsthreateningthehearer’spositivefaceindicating(potentially)thatthespeakerdoesnotcareaboutthehearer’sfeelings,interests,wants,etc.a.Anactthatshowthespeaker’snegativeevaluationofsomeaspectsofhearer’spositiveface.E.g.disapproval,criticism,etc.b.Anactthatshowspeakerdoesnotcareabouthearer’spositiveface;e.g.mentiontabootopics.c.Sshowsnon-cooperationinanactivity,e.g.interruptingH’stalk;d.Susesaddresstermsandotherstatus-markedidentificationsininitialencountersinanoffensiveorembarrassingway,intentionallyoraccidently.Actsthreateningthehearer’snegativefacea.ImposesomefutureactonH,andindoingsoexertsomepressureonHtodo(orrefrainfromdoing)theact.E.g.ordersandrequest,suggestionsandadvice,reminders,threat,warning;b.PredicatesomepositiveactofStowardH,andindoingsoputsomepressureonHtoacceptorrejectthem,andpossiblytoincuradebt.E.g.offers;c.ActsthatindicatesomedesireofStowardHorH’sgoods,givingHreasontothinkthathemayhavetoprotecttheobjectofS’sdesire,orgiveittoS.e.g.complimentsandexpressionsofenvyoradmiration.Actsthreateningthespeaker’spositivefaceActsthatdirectlydamageS’spositiveface,suchasapologies,acceptanceofcomplimentorpraise,self-humiliation,andself-contradiction.Actsthreateningthespeaker’snegativefaceActssuchasexpressingthanks,acceptanceofH’sthanksorH’sapology,excuses,unwillingpromisesandoffers,andthelike.10.2Face-threateningactsTwopointstobenoted:1.anoverlapinthisclassificationofFTAs,becausesomeFTAsintrinsicallythreatenbothnegativeandpositiveface(e.g.interruptions,threats,requestsforpersonalinformation);2.Culturesvaryintheratingofillocutionaryactsintermsoffacethreat.10.3StrategiesofdoingFTAsReadFigure1onp.132Fivestrategies:1.Withoutredressiveaction,baldly/baldon-record直接性策略2.Positivepoliteness积极礼貌策略3.Negativepoliteness消极礼貌策略4.Off-record间接性策略5.Don’tdotheFTA不施行面子威胁行为Baldonrecordmeansdoingitinthemostdirect,clear,unambiguouswaypossible.不使用补救策略，公开的实行威胁面子行为，即说话者用直接公开的方式向听话人提出建议、请求、给予或邀请。AnMPwilldoFTAbaldlyonrecordif：Maximumefficiency.情况紧急，交际效率居于面子需求之上e.g.Watchout!Perceiveverysmallthreattothehearer’sface.对听话人威胁较小或没有威胁e.g.Don’tbesad.S’spoweroverH.说话人权势远远高于听话人e.g.Bringmeabottleofwine.Positivepolitenessisapproach-based,whichconveysthatthepotentialfacethreatisminimizedbytheassurancethatthespeakeringeneralwantstosatisfyatleastsomeofthehearer’swants,andmakesthehearerfeelgoodandfeelthathisvalueisshared.通过强调与听话人的共同性来减少面子威胁程度，满足听话人积极面子需求，使听话人所要求的个人形象与说话人言语中体现的达到一致。itincludes12strategies:ClaimcommongroundbetweenSandH.宣称双方共同点Notice/attendtoH.关注听话人e.g.Goodness,youcutyourhair.ExaggerateapprovalwithH.夸张自己对听话人的赞同等e.g.Yourperformanceissuperb.It’sthebestI’veseen.IntensifyinteresttoH.(toattractorpleaseH)提高听话人兴趣e.g.Youmayfindmystorymostinteresting.It’sabout...Usein-groupidentitymarkers(nicknames,dialects,ellipsis,etc.)表明具有同样的团体身份e.g.1.Helpmewithmybaghere,willyoumate/buddy?2.MindifIsmoke?Seekagreementoravoiddisagreement(bychoosingsafetopic,usingpositiveechoes,hedging,etc.).寻求一致或避免分歧e.g.1.A:Marywonabigprize.B:Abigprize!2.It’sreallybeautiful,inaway.Presuppose/raise/assertcommonground.假设或提出共同点E.g.Ireallyhadahardtimelearningtodrive,youknow.ConveythatSandHarecooperators.表示伙伴关系IndicatesthatSandHarecooperating,andsharegoalsinsomedomain.AssertorpresupposeS’sknowledgeofandconcernforH’swants.肯定或预设说话人知道或关心听话人的想法e.g.Iknowyoucan’tbearparties.Butthisonewillreallybegood.Makeapromiseoroffer.E.g.Youcanusemycar,ifyoulike.Beoptimistic.E.g.You’lllendmeyourlawnmoverfortheweekend,Ihope/won’tyou.IncludebothSandHintheactivity.将交际双方包括在行动内E.g.Shallwedance?Giveoraskforreasons.E.g.W