Pragmatic-Presupposition-英文版

PragmaticPresuppositionDoeshelie?Boss:Ifyouwanttoworkhere,youngman,youmustknowwerequirecleanliness.Didyouremembertowipeyourfeetonthemat?Man:Ohyes,sir!Boss:Andanotherthing;werequiretruthfulness.Thereisnomat!1Definetion1.1Thephilosophicaltradition1.2Thepragmaticdefinition1.1.1abroadstudies1.1.2domesticstudies2PropertiesofPragmaticPresupposition2.1MutualKnowledge2.2Appropriateness2.3Defeasibility2.4Additivity3Presuppositiontriggers4Typesofpresuposition4.1Potentialpresuppositionvs.existentialpresupposition4.2Factivepresuppositionvs.non-factivepresupposition4.3Lexicalpresuppositionvs.structuralpresupposition5FunctionofPragmaticPresupposition6Theprojectionprobem7Conclusion8Bibliography1.1ThephilosophicaltraditionGottlobFrege,thefirstphilosopherwhobroughtpresuppositiontothenoticeofthescholarlyworld,publishedanarticleOnSenseandReferencein1892.Hewentontoexaminethesenseandreferenceofsentences.Ifanythingisassertedthereisalwaysanobviouspresuppositionthatthesimpleorcompoundpropernamesusedhaveareference.Forexample:Johnworksveryhard.ItpresupposesthattheremustbesomeonecalledJohn.1DefinetionFregethussketchesatheoryofpresuppositionwiththefollowingpresuppositions:(i)Referringphrasesandtemporalclausescarrypresuppositionstotheeffeetthattheydoinfactrefer;(ii)Asentenceanditsnegativecounterpartsharethesamesetofpresuppositions;(iii)Inorderforanassertionorasentencetobeeithertrueorfalse,itspresuppositionsmustbetrueorsatisfied.(Frege,1952:69)Stalnakerfirstproposedtheconceptofpragmaticpresupposition.Hebelievesthatpragmaticpresuppositionisnotonlyrelatedtothecontext,butalsorelatedtothepropositionalattitudeofspeaker.ApropositionPisapragmaticpresuppositionofaspeakerinagivencontextjustincasethespeakerassumesorbelievesthatP,assumesorbelievesthathisaddresseeassumesorbelievesthatP,andassumesorbelieveshisaddresseerecognizesthatheismakingtheseassumptions,orhasthesebeliefs.”(Stalnaker,1974)Therefore,pragmaticpresuppositionisactuallyajudgmentorassumptionoftheknowledgeofthehearerfromthespeaker,whichisthefactthatthespeakerthinksrightortheheareroughttoaccept.1.2Thepragmaticdefinition1.1.1AbroadstudiesPragmaticpresuppositionislikeappropriateconditionsthattheeffectiveimplementofaspeechactmustsatisfyorasentencemustsatisfyforthepurposeofthenecessarysocialappropriateness.Itisacertainconditionthatistriggeredbyasentence,whoseresponsibilityistoeffectivelyimplementanillocutionaryact.(Fillmore,1971)Pragmaticpresuppositionistherelationshipbetweenaspeakerandtheappropriatenessofasentenceincontext.Inhisopinion,pragmaticpresuppositionisnotstudiedonthesentencelevel,butonthecommunicationallevelofthespeakerandthehearer.(Keenan,1971)Presuppositionoftheutteranceisusedtoindicatethecommonknowledgeofthespeakerandthehearer.Whenthespeakermakesanutteranceandthehearerunderstandsitinacertaincontext,theymustownsomecommonknowledge.(Jackendoff,1972)e.g.Johnhasasister.ThecommonknowledgeofthecommunicatorsisthatJohnexists.Thespeaker’ssayingandthehearer’sunderstandingoftheutteranceareallbaseduponthecommonknowledge,whichisviewedaspragmaticpresupposition.PresuppositionconcerningthebaekgroundassumptionmadeintheProeessofcommunieationisahighlytechniealsubject.(LeoHickey&Faweeff,1998:114)Presuppositionisnotonlyapotentialcomplexobjectofstudy,butalsoonewhereexplanatorytheorieshavebeensupportedandattackedbyexamPleandenounter-example,withtheseeingmostofthebattle.(Faweeff1998:114)Pragmaticpresuppositionareassumptionsmadebythespeakeronwhatthehearermayacceptundoubtedly.(Givon,1979)Levinson(1983)definespragmaticpresuppositionascommonknowledge,whichisheldbythetwosidesinthecommunicationandisanecessaryconditionforsuccessfulcommunication.Presuppositionreferstothethingsthatareacceptedbycommunicativepartiesincommunication.(ChenZongming,1984)Therearethreedifferentunderstandingsofpresupposition:speaker’sassumptionforthecontext,thenecessaryconditionofaspeechactandthecommonknowledgeorbackgroundknowledge.(HeZhaoxiong,1989)Asthefactualbasisofthewholesituationorfactthatasentenceexpresses,presuppositionistheobjectivesituationandconditionthatarereflectedorimpliedinthesemantics.(XuShenghuan,1993)Presuppositionisthepropositionthatspeakerassumesandbuildsinhismindwhenspeaking.(LanChun,1999)Presuppositionisakindofpragmaticinference,whichinferstheprerequisiteoftheutterancefromlogicalconcept,semanticsandcontextbasedontheactualmeaningoflinguisticstructures.Presuppositionisnotexpressedclearlybyliteralmeaningoflanguage.It’simplicit.Eventhoughpresuppositiondoesnotdirectlyappearinthetopic,itisknownbytwoparticipantsintheconversation.(HeZiran,1988)HuZehong(1996)explainspragmaticpresuppositionfromthreeaspects:Pragmaticpresuppositionisapropositionalattitude;Pragmaticpresuppositioniscommonknowledgesharedbythetwosidesinspecificcommunicativeenvironment;Pragmaticpresuppositionistheconditionthatenablesastatementtobeappropriateintheprocessofcommunication.1.1.2DomesticstudiesAllinall,linguistshavedifferentviewonthedefinitionofpresupposition,buttilltoday,theyhavenotreachedaconsensus.HereisadefinitionfromLongmanDict