汽车用中压传感器产品特点0

RenewableEnergyGarthRatcliffeDepartmentofEnvironmentalandGeographicalsciencesManchesterMetropolitanUniversity汽车防盗器•WhatarethecurrentandprojectedUKenergy(fuel+electricity)demands?•Howisthedemandforelectricitycurrentlybeinggenerated?Inthefuture?•Whatcontributioncanrenewableenergymaketofuturefuelandelectricityneeds?UKEnergyDemands2000DatafromDTIEnergyStatistics2000Howareenergyneedssupplied?Source–DTIenergyStatisticsPresentEnergyResources•Fossilfuels-coal,oil,gasarealloflimitedamounts.Cantbereplaced.•Nuclearfuels-limitedamountsofuraniumfornuclearfissionreactorsbutreprocessingoffuelpossible.•Difficulttoestimatehowlongthesefuelswilllast-butisitsustainableeconomicallyorenvironmentally?Howmuchenergyisneeded?•DTIEnergyStatisticsfor2000•308,332GWhofelectricitywasdistributedto29.068millionconsumers.–i.e.onaverage,eachconsumerused10,607kwhofelectricity.•In2000,thetotalenergyconsumedinthedomesticsectoroftheUKwas46,833thousandstonsofoilequivalent.•Dividingthisvaluebythenumberofconsumersandconvertingtokwhgivestheaverageamountofenergyusedperhouseholdas18,737kwh.Sustainablesituation•Renewableenergyresourcesarebeingreplaced/generatedatthesameratethattheyarebeingutilised.•Hencetheywilllastindefinitely.RenewableEnergy•Whatisrenewableenergy?•Whatformsdoesittake?•Whyisitneeded?•Targetsexistforrenewableenergytogenerate10%ofelectricityby2010and20%by2020!•Canthesebeachieved?•Whatformsofrenewableenergywilldeliverthesetargets?ElectricityGenerationbyRenewablesSource–DTiEnergystatistics2000GeneratingCapacityofRenewablePlantsTheDTIListofRenewableResourcesWind,WaveandHydroPowerPhotovoltaicsActiveSolarHeatingMunicipalandGeneralWastesLandfillGasGeothermalAgriculturalandForestryWastesEnergyCropsFuelCellsOtherRenewablesNuclearCombinedCycleGasTurbineGasTurbineCoalFormsofRenewableEnergy•Allsourcesofenergyultimatelycomefromthesun.•Thisisparticularlyobviousinthecaseofrenewableenergies.RenewableEnergyUtilisation2000Source–DTIEnergyStatistics2000SolarRadiation•solarheatingpanels/passive•solarpowergeneration•solarcells/photovoltaiccellsSolarcells•convertlightintoasmallelectricaloutput-milliwattsoutput.•needabank/arrayofcellsforusefuloutput.•costofcellsishighbutreducing.•efficiencyofcellsisupto23%/improving.SolarPanels•aresituatedonroofofbuilding.•absorbheatintheformofradiationfromsun.•basicallysystemislikeadomesticcentralheatingradiatorpaintedblack/insulated.•provides“toppingup”ofdomestichotwater.PhotovoltaicsonBuildings•PVarrays,generatingaround54kW(peak)withatotalareaof430m2,formtheslopingglazedroofsoftheatriumspacesinthefourmainbuildings.•OveAruphasdesignedthesystemtomatchtheannualelectricitydemandofthesupplyandextractorfans,effectivelyprovidingzero-energyventilationsystems.SolarRooftiles(SolarGrantsnowavailable)IntegratedsolartilesinstalledbySolarCenturyonacurrentdevelopmentinMiltonKeynesbyEnglishpartnershipandBloorhomesRoofmountedsolarpanels(Solarcentury)InnovativeSunSlatesinstallationbySolarcenturyforLiangHomesSolarPowerGeneration•locatedindesert/highintensity/longsunlighthours•parabolicmirrorsreflect/focussun’sraysontometalwaterpipelocatedalongfocalaxisofmirrors.•Hightemperatureproduced-steam-electricalpowergeneratedWindTurbinesLocationofUKWindClustersWindpower•Eachwindturbinecanproducebetween1/4and2MWofelectricalpower.•Windfarmneedstobelocatedwherethereisarelativelyhighaveragewindspeed.•Advantages?•Disadvantages?Calculationofnumberofhouseholdssuppliedbyawindfarm•Assume24windturbineseachgenerating0.25MWfor70%oftime.•Inayearthisamountsto3.66x107kwhr.•Ifthisfigureisdividedbyaverageamountofelectricityusedbyaconsumerie10,607kwhrinayear,•Answeris3600consumers.•But166ofthesewindfarms=1000Mwpowerstation!OffshoreWindTurbinesOffshoreWindClusterFeatures•Largeraveragewindspeedthanonshore•Easierplanningconsent•Technicalexpertiseexistsfromoilrigexperience•SuitablelocationOffshoresitesHydroelectric•Currentlylargestsourceofelectricityfromrenewables.•Needsguaranteedsupplyofwater.•Galloway-WestofScotland-seriesoflochsandrivers-cascadeofflowingwater.•Kineticenergyofwaterrotatesturbineswhichgenerateelectricity.TidalPower•Locatedatsomecoastalsites-usuallyestuariesandbayswithlargetidalrange.•ShapeofcoastalsiteaboveandbelowsealeveldeterminesrangeegBayofFunday,Severn.•Athightidereservoirofwateriscreatedwhichisallowedtoebbthroughturbineslocatedindam.•Expensiveconstruction.WavePowerLandInstalledMarinePoweredEnergyTransformeronIslay,WestCoastofScotland.WavegenCo.LIMPETprovides500kWofelectricityfortheNationalGridThreefloatingwavepowerstationsatLewis/1MWeachBiomass•cycleofsunlight-photosynthesis-plantgrowth-absorptionofCO2-emissionofO2.•combustionofwood-heat•someplants-alcohol•decomposition-methane/landfillgas/fuelforheating.ARBREisthefirstcommercialwood-burningplantofitstypeinEurope.Itproducesenoughelectricityfor33,000peoplefromcleanandsustainablewoodfuelsources.Theplanthasa10MWelectricitygeneratingcapacityand8MWisexportedtothelocalgrid.Thefuelfortheplantiswoodchipsfromforestryandshortrotationcoppice.WoodburningElectricityGenera