1AmericanRomanticism

AmericanRomanticism名词解释：Romanticism（浪漫主义）:ItrefertotheliteratureintheRomanticperiod,whichintendsfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.It’scharacterizedbyarejectionofformalclassicalliterature.Itemphasizessentimentoverreasonandviewsartasessentiallyanexpressionoftheartist’sthoughtsandfeeling.Thethemesincluded“home,familyandchildren,natureandidealizedlove,”butthewritersexhibitedanapparentapathy(冷漠）tothemajorproblemsofAmericanlife.Transcendentalism(超越论，先验论）:it,alsoregardedasphilosophicalromanticism,reachedAmericaagenerationortwoafteritdevelopedinEurope.ItwasbasedonthedoctrineofancientandmodernEuropeanphilosophers.ItemphasisonspiritortheOverSoul,astheimportantthinginuniverse,andalsoomtheimportanceoftheindividual.Itwasareactionagainstdehumanizationthatcameinthewakeofdevelopingcapitalism.IttookonspecialsignificanceinAmericainthemid-19thcentury.主要作家：8个HermanMelville（1819-1891）:Experience:1.Melville’schildhoodwashappytotheageofeleventhwhenhisfatherdiedindebt.Hehadlittleeducationandbegantoworkearly.2.threethingsdeservesmention：Hisexperienceandadventuresontheseastoodhiminrichstead；hehadtowriteformoneyTosupporthiswife;heandHawthornemet3.HewroteglossesandcommentariesasheracedthroughthevolumesthatcamehiswayWorks:1.Thefirstthreedrewfromhisadventuresamongthepeopleofthesouthpacificislands,suhas:TypeeOmooMardi2.tisregardedasoneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpieces.Togettoknowthe19thcenturyAmericanmindandAmericanitself------MobyDick3LaterhewrotesomeotherbookslikeTheConfidenceManandBillyBuddwhichheleftinmanuscriptattimeofhisdeath.Character:1.Melvilleliesinthefactthathewasunwillingtosacrificehisinsightandartisticstandardstocatertopopularfeelinganddemand.2.HisdiscoveryofShakespearestirredhimthedepthsofhisreading.CarlyleandHawthorne’ssymbolismfascinatedhim.ForEmerson,hehadmixedfeelingofrespectandrepulsion.3.HewasthusknownasapopularwriterofexotictalesExtra:1.MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.揭示出梅尔维尔的人与自然观：人类应该观察探索自然，人类若狂妄地反抗自然，就会导致毁灭2.赫尔曼·梅尔维尔是美国最伟大的小说家之一，也是美国象征主义文学大师3.ConstantlyunderhisattackisitsemphasisonindividualandOversoul.相信邪恶的普遍性，怀疑超验主义的乐观主义理4.hischaractersforevertryingtoescapefromtheircorruptworldintoabetterplacetolive,orwhathecallsanotherworld.在梅尔维尔看来，没有什么事物是绝对美好的或绝对罪恶的。爱默生所宣扬的超验主义乐观精神对泱泱社会中的个人的发展并不能带来真正意义上的帮助。个人的力量是渺小的，根本无力与社会进行抗争。EdgarAllanPoe:Experience:1.BorninEdgarPoe;January19,1809–October7,1849,hewasanAmericanwriter,editor,andliterarycritic2.Hisfatherabandonedthefamilyin1810,andhismotherdiedthefollowingyear.Thusorphaned,3.PoeattendedtheUniversityofVirginiaforonesemesterbutleftduetolackofmoney.PoequarreledwithAllanoverthefundsforhiseducationandenlistedintheArmyin1827underanassumedname.4.Laterfailingasanofficer'scadetatWestPointanddeclaringafirmwishtobeapoetandwriter,PoepartedwayswithJohnAllan.5.PoediedinBaltimore;thecauseofhisdeathisunknownandhasbeenvariouslyattributedtoalcohol,braincongestion,cholera,drugs,heartdisease,rabies,suicide,tuberculosis,andotheragentsWorks:1.hereleasedhisfirstbook,a40-pagecollectionofpoetry,TamerlaneandOtherPoems2.inFebruary1831,andreleasedathirdvolumeofpoems,simplytitledPoems.3.hisonlydrama,Politian.TheBaltimoreSaturdayVisiterawardedPoeaprizeinOctober1833forhisshortstoryMS.FoundinaBottle.4.in1838,TheNarrativeofArthurGordonPymofNantucketwaspublishedandwidelyreviewed5.in1839,thecollectionTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesquewaspublishedintwovolumes,6.InJune1840,Poepublishedaprospectusannouncinghisintentionstostarthisownjournal,TheStylus7.OnJanuary29,1845,hispoemTheRavenappearedintheEveningMirrorandbecameapopularsensationCharacter:1.fictionaldepictionsofPoeusehismystery-solvingskillsinsuchnovelsasThePoeShadowbyMatthewPear2.Poewasmostlyrecognizedasaliterarycritic3.FellowcriticJamesRussellLowellcalledhimthemostdiscriminating,philosophical,andfearlesscriticuponimaginativeworkswhohaswritteninAmerica,suggesting—rhetorically—thatheoccasionallyusedprussicacidinsteadofink4.Poe'searlydetectivefictiontalesfeaturingC.AugusteDupinlaidthegroundworkforfuturedetectivesinliteratureExtra:1.坡以神秘故事和恐怖小说闻名于世，他是美国短篇故事的最早先驱者之一，又被尊为推理小说的开山鼻祖，进而也被誉为后世科幻小说的始祖2.他是第一个尝试完全依赖写作谋生的知名美国作家，从而导致贫困潦倒3.爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿4.洛威尔一向不轻易赞扬别人，却把坡誉为“最有见识、最富哲理的大无畏评论家WashingtonIrvingPersonallife:borninamerchantfamily.Firstawriterlateralawyer.DiedrichKnicherbocker,hisfirsthistorybookwonhisagreatsuccessbutlaterfailtomadealivinginthiswaysocontinuetobusiness.SingleWorks:(imitative,vivid)AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndofDutchDynastyTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,GentTheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbusTheChronicleoftheConquestofGranadaTheAlhambraTheCrayonMiscellanyCharacter:fatherofAmericanliterature,firstwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.(aChinesestudentofEnglishmaydowelltoreadandevenrecitealittleofIrvingtoimprovehiswritingEnglish.)JamesFenimoreCooperPersonalLife:Bornintoaland-holdingfamily,firstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardmovement.Hisworks(dreadful,notauthentic,introducethe“w