语言学-Language-and-Society

LanguageandSocietyByhanmiaomiao3/26/2011WhatissupposedtohappenwhentwoEnglishpeoplewhohavenevermetbeforecomefacetofaceinatrain?InterrelationbetweenlanguageandsocietyLanguageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunction–tomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety--Therearemanymoreindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theuseoflanguageisinpartdeterminedbytheuser’ssocialbackground.(socialclass,age,sex,educationlevel,etc.)Language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,theevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial(thepostvocalic[r]).InterrelationbetweenlanguageandsocietyAnyuseoflanguageissociallymarked/stamped.“Youarewhatyousay.”(尔即尔所言)简单说来，语言现象与社会现象的关系就是一种“共变”的关系，互相影响，语言影响社会，社会影响语言TwokindsofsociolinguisticstudyAsociolinguisticstudyoflanguage(centralconcernofsociolinguistics)从语言的社会属性出发，用社会学的方法研究语言，从社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变。Asociolinguisticstudyofsociety(Sociologyoflanguage)从语言变体和语言演变的事实，来解释相关的社会现象及其演变和发展的过程。TwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudiesMacrosociolinguistics（abird’s-eyeview）研究国家或地区的语言状况及其与社会发展的相互关系（双语制或多语制社团中的语言选择、语言规划、语言态度等方面的研究）Microsociolinguistics（aworm’s-eyeview）研究小群体的言语特征及其与社会环境的相互关系（言语行为、言语事件、话语的顺序，同时还探讨一个群体所用的语言的变化与社会因素的关系）AsociolinguisticstudyoflanguageSpeechcommunitiesLanguage,dialects,andvarietiesRegisterSpeechcommunities言语社团Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity,whichmayhasasfewmembersasafamilyorasmanyasacountry,andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularspeechvarietyoflanguage.指形成一个社团，小到一个家庭大到一个国家，并有一种共同的言语或言语变体的一群人。Language,dialects,andvarietiesLanguage:writingsystem;mayincludeseveraldialects;oftenpoliticallydefinedSpeechvarietyisnomorethanadialectalvarietyofalanguage方言是一种语言的变体。Chinesevs.CantonesedialectRegionaldialectvs.temporaldialect地域方言时间方言/历时变体Socialdialectvs.idiolect社会方言个人语言Standarddialectvs.non-standarddialect标准方言非标准方言Insociolinguisticstudythreetypesofspeechvarietyareofspecialinterest,i.e.regionaldialects,sociolectsandregisters.（accent）Regionaldialectvs.temporaldialectRegionaldialectisalanguagevarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion(e.g.Br.E.&Am.E.).Regionaldialectoftencoincideswithgeographicalbarriers/boundaries,likemountains,rivers,etc.[accent]Transitionfromonedialecttoanotherisgradualratherthanabrupt.Twoneighboringdialectsareoftenintelligible.Temporaldialect:thevarietyoflanguageassociatedwithaparticularperiodoftime.OldEnglish;MiddleEnglish;ModernEnglish[diachronic/historical]Socialdialectvs.idiolectSocialdialect(alsosociolect)referstoavarietyoflanguageassociatedwithaparticularsocialgroup.Idiolect(languageandindividuality)isthespeechvarietyofanindividual.Itisthefeaturesofspeechorwritingwhichdistinguishoneindividualfromothers,suchasvoicequality,speechrhythm,diction,andotherstylisticfeatures.e.gShakespeare'slanguage.Standardvs.non-standarddialectStandarddialectisthevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationandwhichisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersAstandardvarietygenerallyenjoysawiderangeofintelligibilitycommandofwhichisthegoalofformallanguageinstructionfunctionsasthepublicmeansofcommunicationNon-standarddialectUsedinaspecificspeechcommunitiesValuablefunctionsinintimatesettingsandforindividualgroupidentityAmEvs.BEV讨论：语言或方言有无好坏、高低贵贱之分？Thescientificstudyoflanguageshasconvincedscholarsthatalllanguages,andcorrespondinglyalldialects,areequallygoodaslinguisticsystem.Valuejudgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.(PeterTrudgill)从语言学的角度来看，所有的语言都是平等的，没有高低贵贱之分；方言也没有好坏之分。如果有些人认为A语言比B语言好听，或某种方言比另一种方言正确、纯正，是因为这些人对待不同语言或方言的态度不同，是社会因素造成的偏见，而不是语言本身的问题。无论是哪种方言，其产生的根源都是障碍和距离，地域方言是由于地理上的障碍和距离，社会方言是由于社会的障碍和距离（社会阶层的不同，种族不同，宗教不同，年龄，性别都是造成社会方言的因素，其中社会阶层社会阶级的差异是社会方言变异的一个最重要的因素。）LanguageandsocialfactorsSomesocialfactorsthatinfluenceourlanguagebehaviourinasocialcontext:1)class;2)gender;3)age;4)ethnicidentity;5)educationbackground;6)occupation;7)religiousbeliefLanguageandClassWilliamLabov(拉波夫),afamoussociolinguist,conductedasurveyatseveraldepartmentsintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s.Theobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakers’socialstatusandtheirphonologicalVARIATIONS.TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity(1966)《纽约英语的社会阶层性》Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatternsofstratificationbyclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable.调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的[r]音的情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后[r]音的保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话的标志。Thisresearchparadigmhasbecomethemainstreaminsociolinguisticsandtermedas“thequantitativeparadigm”蓝领，白领，金领，灰领的言语差异GenderdifferencesinspeechResearchsuggeststhatmenandwomenuselanguageindifferentways.1)womenusemore“fancy”colorterms;mauve,beige,aquamarine,lavender,magenta2)womenuselesspowerfulcursewords(少用Goddamnit!Damn!Shit!Fuckyou!常用Oh,dear!Goodnessme!);3)wo