(AxialTension&Compression,shear)§2-1轴向拉压的概念及实例(Conceptsandexamplesofaxialtension&compression)第二章轴向拉伸和压缩Chapter2AxialTensionandCompression§2-2内力计算(Calculationofinternalforce)§2-3应力及强度条件(Stressandstrengthcondition)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)§2-4材料在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能(Materialpropertiesinaxialtensionandcompression)§2-5拉压杆的变形计算(Calculationofaxialdeformation)§2-6拉压超静定问题(Staticallyindeterminateproblemofaxiallyloadedmembers)§2-7剪切变形(Sheardeformation)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)§2-1轴向拉压的概念及实例(Conceptsandexampleproblemsofaxialtension&compression)一、工程实例(Engineeringexamples)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)三、变形特点(Characterofdeformation)沿轴向伸长或缩短二、受力特点(Characterofexternalforce)外力的合力作用线与杆的轴线重合四、计算简图(Simplediagramforcalculating)FFFF轴向压缩(axialcompression)轴向拉伸(axialtension)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)mmFF一、求内力(Calculatinginternalforce)设一等直杆在两端轴向拉力F的作用下处于平衡,欲求杆件横截面mm上的内力.§2–2内力计算(Calculationofinternalforce)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)在求内力的截面m-m处,假想地将杆截为两部分.取左部分部分作为研究对象。弃去部分对研究对象的作用以截开面上的内力代替,合力为FN.mmFFN1、截面法(Methodofsections)截开mmFF代替(AxialTension&Compression,shear)对研究对象列平衡方程FN=F式中:FN为杆件任一横截面mm上的内力.与杆的轴线重合,即垂直于横截面并通过其形心.称为轴力(axialforce).平衡mmFFmmFFN(AxialTension&Compression,shear)FN若取右侧为研究对象,则在截开面上的轴力与部分左侧上的轴力数值相等而指向相反.mmFFmmFFNmFm(AxialTension&Compression,shear)2、轴力符号的规定(Signconventionforaxialforce)FNmFFmmFFNmFm(1)若轴力的指向背离截面,则规定为正的,称为拉力(tensileforce).(2)若轴力的指向指向截面,则规定为负的,称为压力(compressiveforce).(AxialTension&Compression,shear)二、轴力图(Axialforcediagram)用平行于杆轴线的坐标表示横截面的位置,用垂直于杆轴线的坐标表示横截面上的轴力数值,从而绘出表示轴力与横截面位置关系的图线,称为轴力图.将正的轴力画在x轴上侧,负的画在x轴下侧.xFNO(AxialTension&Compression,shear)例题1一等直杆其受力情况如图所示,作杆的轴力图.CABD600300500400E40kN55kN25kN20kN(AxialTension&Compression,shear)CABD600300500400E40kN55kN25kN20kNCABDE40kN55kN25kN20kNR解:求支座反力kN100202555400RRFx(AxialTension&Compression,shear)求AB段内的轴力RFN1CABDE40kN55kN25kN20kNR101RFN)()(RFkNN101(AxialTension&Compression,shear)求BC段内的轴力R40kNFN220kNCABDE40kN55kN25kNR20402RFN)()(RFkNN50402(AxialTension&Compression,shear)FN3求CD段内的轴力20kN25kNCABDE40kN55kN25kN20kNR3020253NF)()kN(N53F(AxialTension&Compression,shear)求DE段内的轴力20kNFN440kN55kN25kN20kNR4)()(FkNN204(AxialTension&Compression,shear)FN1=10kN(拉力)FN2=50kN(拉力)FN3=-5kN(压力)FN4=20kN(拉力)发生在BC段内任一横截面上5010520++CABD600300500400E40kN55kN25kN20kN)(FkNNmax50(AxialTension&Compression,shear)§2–3应力及强度条件(Stressandstrengthcondition)一、横截面上的正应力(Normalstressoncrosssection)FFabcd(AxialTension&Compression,shear)1、变形现象(Deformationphenomenon)(1)横向线ab和cd仍为直线,且仍然垂直于轴线;(2)ab和cd分别平行移至a'b'和c'd',且伸长量相等.结论:各纤维的伸长相同,所以它们所受的力也相同.FFabcdabcd(AxialTension&Compression,shear)2、平面假设(Planeassumption):变形前原为平面的横截面,在变形后仍保持为平面,且仍垂直于轴线.3、内力的分布(Thedistributionofinternalforce)FFN均匀分布(uniformdistribution)(AxialTension&Compression,shear)式中,FN为轴力,A为杆的横截面面积,的符号与轴力FN的符号相同.当轴力为正号时(拉伸),正应力也为正号,称为拉应力;当轴力为负号时(压缩),正应力也为负号,称为压应力.4、正应力公式(Formulafornormalstress)AFN(AxialTension&Compression,shear)FkkFcoscosAFAFp二、斜截面上的应力(Stressonaninclinedplane)1、斜截面上的应力(Stressonaninclinedplane)FkkFαpα以pα表示斜截面k-k上的应力,于是有AFpcosAAFF(AxialTension&Compression,shear)沿截面法线方向的正应力沿截面切线方向的剪应力将应力pα分解为两个分量:2coscospsinsin22ppαFkkFFkkxnpα(AxialTension&Compression,shear)(1)α角2、符号的规定(Signconvention)(2)正应力拉伸为正压缩为负(3)切应力对研究对象任一点取矩.pαFkkFFkkxnpα顺时针为正逆时针为负逆时针时为正号顺时针时为负号自x转向n(AxialTension&Compression,shear)(1)当=00时,(2)=450时,(3)=-450时,(4)当=900时,max2max讨论2min00,2coscospsinsin22pxnFkk(AxialTension&Compression,shear)三、强度条件(Strengthcondition):杆内的最大工作应力不超过材料的许用应力1、数学表达式(Mathematicalformula)][NAFmaxmax2、强度条件的应用(Applicationofstrengthcondition)][maxNFA(2)设计截面(1)强度校核][NσAFmaxAF][maxN(3)确定许可核载(AxialTension&Compression,shear)例题2一横截面为正方形的砖柱分上,下两段,其受力情况,各段长度及横截面面积如图所示.已知F=50kN,试求荷载引起的最大工作应力.FABCFF24021解:(1)作轴力图kNN501FFkNN15032FF(AxialTension&Compression,shear)FABCFF2402150kN150kN(2)求应力MPa.N/m...2N87010870240240500006111AFMPa.N/m...2N1110113703701500006222AF结论:在柱的下段,其值为1.1MPa,是压应力.max(AxialTension&Compression,shear)例题3简易起重设备中,AC杆由两根80807等边角钢组成,AB杆由两根10号工字钢组成.材料为Q235钢,许用应力[]=170MPa.求许可荷载[F].ABCF300(AxialTension&Compression,shear)解:(1)取结点A为研究对象,受力分析如图所示.ABCF300FAxyFN1FN2300(AxialTension&Compression,shear)结点A的平衡方程为由型钢表查得FAxyFN1FN230003001FFFysinN0012cos30NNFFFx得到FFFF7321221.NN22mm62611028602143010217221086AA(AxialTension&Compression,shear)(2)许可轴力为(3)各杆的许可荷载(4)结论:许可荷载[F]=184.6kNAF][maxNFFFF7321221.NNkN.][][N2436911AFkN.][][N2048622AFkN.][N6184211FFkN..][N7280732122FF(AxialTension&Compression,shear)例题4刚性杆ACB有圆杆CD悬挂在C点,B端作用集中力F=25kN,已知CD杆的直径d=20mm,许用应力[]=160MPa,试校核CD杆的强度,并求:(1)结构的许可荷载[F];(2)若F=50kN,设计CD杆的直径.2aaFABDC(AxialTension&Compression,shear)解:(1)求CD杆受力2aaFABDCFNCDFACBYXFFMNCDA230][MPa//N1194232dFAFCD(2)结构的许可荷载[F]][NAFCDCD由(AxialTension&Compression,shear)[F]=33.5kN2aaFABDCFNCDFACBY23FAFCD][N得(3)若F=50kN,设计CD杆的直径][NAFCDCD由][/][N23FFACD得][/2342Fdd=2