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12012一模七选五汇编西城一模第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia,orfearofenclosedspaces,isoneofthemostcommonfears．Claustrophobiacanbedeepfearorevenpanicasaresultofbeinginasmallspace．Claustrophobiacandevelopafteratroublingchildhoodexperience（suchasbeingtrappedinasmallspaceduringachildhoodgame）,orfromanotherunpleasantexperiencelateroninliferelatedtosmallspaces（suchasbeingstuckinalift）．_71Thisresponsethenbecomesprogrammedinthebrain,makinganassociationbetweenbeinginatightspaceandfeelinganxiousorout-of-control．Asaresult,thepersonoftendevelopsclaustrophobia．AccordingtoMarkPowers,Ph．D．,AssociateProfessorofPsychologyatSouthernMethodistUniversity,Claustrophobiaisaspecificfearandnotatypeofpanicdisorder．Theprimaryspecificdangerforecastsforclaustrophobiaarethateitherthepersonwillbetrappedorrunoutofair．72Claustrophobiasymptomscaninclude:sweating,acceleratedheartbeat,upsetstomach,passingout,light-headedness,shaking,breathingproblem,etc．Somecommonsituationscancauseanxietyinclaustrophobiasufferers．Theclaustrophobiasuffererwilllookforanexitwheninsidearoom,avoiddrivingonthehighwayormajorroadswherethereisheavytrafficwheninsideacar,avoidtakingliftswheninsideabuilding,orstandnearadoorwhenataparty．73Claustrophobiacanhaveharmfulsocialandpsychologicaleffects,sincethepatientwilloftenavoidsituationsinwhichshethinksshewillhaveananxietyattack,leadingtohidingandsadness．74AccordingtoDr．Powers,Exposuretreatment,aformofmind-behavioraltreatment,usuallyresultsinatotalreductioninanxietysymptomsifconductedproperly．Floodingisatypeofexposuretreatmentinwhichthepersonisexposedtoasituationuntiltheanxietyattackpasses;alessextremeformofexposuretreatmentiscounter-conditioning．Counterconditioningincludesbehaviortreatment,asthepersonistaughtvisualizationandrelaxationtechniquesbeforebeingslowlyreintroducedtothecausesituation．75Medicationstohelptreatclaustrophobiaincludethingswhichhelptoeasetheheartpoundingoftenassociatedwithanxietyattacks．A．Thegoodnewsisthatclaustrophobiaisverytreatable．B．Thepastexperiencecantracebacktothemomentofbirth．C．Accordingtosomedoctors,claustrophobiaisworsethanthefearofheights．D．Whenapersonexperiencessuchanevent,itcanoftencauseafrighteningpanicattack．E．Inextremecases,theverysightofacloseddoorcanleadtofeelingsofanxietyinaperson．F．Treatmentforclaustrophobiacanalsoincludemedicationoracombinationofseveraltreatments．G．Whenapersonwithclaustrophobiafindsherselfinarestrictedspace,herbodyrespondsincertainways．2答案DGEAF朝阳一模第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。EarlyChildhoodEducationEarlychildhoodeducationistheformal(正规的)teachingandcareofyoungchildren.Itprimarilyfocusesonlearningthroughplayingtoencouragethechild’sdifferentkindsofdevelopment.71StudieswithHeadStartprogramsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveshownsomeevidencethattherearequiteafewadvantagestoearlychildhoodeducation,whichcanproducesignificantgainsinchildren’slearninganddevelopment.Comparedtoachildwhodoesnotattendpre-school,childrencompletingtheirearlyeducationprogramsarefoundtobebetteratmathandreadingskills.Theyareexcitedtolearnandhavethetoolstodoso.72Thesechildrenaremorecompetentintheirpre-school,kindergartenandschool-ageyears,andtheyareusuallyreportedas“friendlier”byparentsandthechildren’speers(同伴).73Instudieswithmatchedcontrolgroups,morestudentswhohadearlyschoolingexperienceswereemployedattheageof19,fewerwereonwelfare,andfewerwereinvolvedwiththecriminalactivity.What’smore,somestudiesshowthatchildrenattendingpre-schoolaremorelikelytograduateandhavehighereducation,andbewellintegrated(综合)asanadult.Earlychildhoodeducationgivesmostchildrenajump-startoneducationfortheirkindergartenandprimaryschoolyears.Itisclearthatearlychildhoodeducationcanhavesomegreatbenefitsforchildren.74Ifearlychildhoodeducationislesseffective,perhapsthebestmodelisfindingstrategiesforallowingaparenttostayhomewithhisorherchildforatleastthefirsttwotothreeyears.Alsoimportantisconsideringachild’sownpersonality.75A.Thelong-terminfluenceofearlyeducationissignificantaswell.B.Theycanbenefitgreatlyfromencouragementintheirearlychildhood.C.Yetitsqualitymustbeassessedtoseewhatkindofbenefitsitactuallyprovides.D.Theyarealsoabletorelatetoothersinasuperiorwayandthatimprovestheirsocialskills.E.Manyexpertsofeducationhaveconcernedaboutwhatearlychildhoodeducationmeanstoday.F.Individualdifferencesinchildrenmeanthatnotallchildrenwillgetequalbenefitsfromearlychildhoodeducation.G.Itconsistsofactivitiesthatservechildreninthepre-schoolyearsandisdesignedtoimprovelaterschoolperformance.3答案71.G72.D73.A74.C75.F东城一模第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）TheWarAgainstSandImaginelivingontheedgeofavastdesert,whichismovingquietlyclosertoyourvillageeverydayandcoveringyourfields.Thedesertisonthemove.Thisiscalleddesertification.Desertificationoccursinregionsclosetoanalreadyexistingdesert.71Thefirstisover-useofwaterinthearea.Thereisnotenoughwaterinanycase,andifitisnotcarefullyused,disastercanfollow.Astimegoeson,watershortagesmakefarmingmoreandmoredifficult.Insomeplaces,localscanrememberlocallakesandmarsheswhichwereoncethehomesforallkindsoffishandbi