1实验一普克尔效应实验目的验证偏振光中的普克尔效应测量普克尔单元的半波电压实验概述当自然光射到一些特殊的晶体表面时,会被分解成两束光,一束叫寻常光(o光),符合普通的折射定律,另一束则不符合,叫非常光(e光)。其折射率no和ne合称为晶体的主折射率。LiNbO3(铌酸锂))在强电场作用下能够变成双折射物质,由于o光、e光在晶体内的速度不同,通过晶体后,两光间产生相位差。进而在屏幕上出现干涉图样。改变电压值,干涉图样中的双曲线系会通过中心移向另外的线系。实验原理的ThePockelseffectisthenamegiventotheoccurrenceofbirefringenceandtothechangeinexistingbirefringencephenomenainanelectricfieldlinearlyproportionaltotheelectricfieldstrength.ItisrelatedtotheKerreffect,althoughinthelattercasethebirefringenceincreasesexponentiallywiththeelectricfield的strength.Forreasonsofsymmetry,thePockelseffectcanonlyoccurincrystalswithnoinversioncenter,whereastheKerreffectcanoccurinallsubstances.Whenthedirectionofthelightbeamandtheopticalaxisofbirefringenceareperpendiculartoeachother,wecallthisa“transverseconfiguration”(seeFig.1).Theelectricfieldisappliedinthedirectionoftheopticalaxis.ForPockelscellsinthetransverseconfiguration,lithiumniobate(LiNbO3)ismostoftenused.·Lithiumniobatecrystalsareopticallyuniaxial,negativelybirefringentandhavethemainrefractiveindexesno=2.29fortheordinarybeam,andne=2.20fortheextraordinarybeam(measuredusingthewavelengthoftheHe-Nelaser,l=632.8nm.BirefringenceinaconoscopicbeampathTheproofofbirefringenceinaconoscopicbeampathisdescribedinnumerousopticstextbooks.Acrystalwithplaneparallelcutfacesisilluminatedwithadivergent,linearlypolarizedlightbeam,andthelightpassingthroughitisobservedbehindaperpendicularlyalignedanalyzer.Theopticalaxisofthebirefringenceisclearlyapparentintheinterferenceimage,asitisindicatedbythesymmetryinitsvicinity.Inthisexperiment,theopticalaxisisparalleltotheentranceandexitsurfaces;thisiswhytheinterferencepatternconsistsoftwosetsofhyperbolaswhicharerotatedby90withrespecttooneanother.Therealaxisofthefirsthyperbolasetisparalleltotheopticalaxis,whilethatofthesecondsetisperpendiculartotheopticalaxis.Thedarklinesoftheinterferenceimagearecausedbylightraysforwhichthedifferencebetweentheopticalpathsoftheextraordinaryandtheordinarypartialbeaminthecrystalisanintegralmultipleofthewavelength.Theselightraysretaintheiroriginallinearpolarizationafterpassagethroughthecrystal,andare2extinguishedintheanalyzer.Thelightraysreachingthecenteroftheinterferenceimagearenormallyincidentonthesurfaceofthecrystal.Fortheserays,thepathdifferencebetweentheextraordinaryandtheordinarypartialbeamis=d(none),(I)whered=20isthethicknessofthecrystalinthedirectionofthebeam.Thepathdifferencecorrespondstoapproximately2800wavelengthsofthelaserlightused.however,isnotusuallypreciselyawholemultipleof,butratherliesbetweentwovalues,m=mandm+1=(m+1).Thedarklinesinthefirsthyperbolasetthuscorrespondtothepathdifferencesm+1,m+2,m+3,etc.,andthoseofthesecondsettom,m-1,m-2,etc.(Fig.3).Thepositionofthedarklines,orbettertheirdistancefromthecenter,dependsonthemagnitudeofthedifferencebetweenandm.Fig.3:Interferencepatternintheconoscopicbeampathwiththeopticalaxisofthecrystalinthedirectionofthearrow.Thenumbersrepresentthepathdifferencebetweentheordinaryandtheextraordinarypartialbeam.Thusforexamplem+1(m-1)ThePockelseffectmagnifiesorreducesthedifferenceofthemainrefractiveindicesno–ne,dependingonthesignoftheappliedvoltage.Thisinturnaltersthedifference–ml,andthusthepositionofthedarkinterferencelines.Iftheso-calledhalf-wavevoltageUpisapplied,thevalueofischangedbyone-halfwavelength.Thedarkinterferencelinesshifttothepositionsofthebrightlines,andviceversa.ThisprocessrepeatsitselfeachtimethevoltageisincreasedbyUp.安全事项不要直视出射或反射的激光。高压危险3实验装置及调试元件的具体布置参照图4。光学元件的布置--依次安装He-Ne激光器、5-mm透镜(a)、50-mm透镜(b)和半透明屏,仔细调整好激光器和5-mm透镜的高度,使得50-mm透镜得到最适宜的照明。在屏上得到一个均匀明亮的光场。--安置检偏器,转动其黄色手柄来改变检偏器的偏振方向,直到屏上的亮度最暗。--将普克尔盒放置到元件队列中,务必保证两个高压插头已插接到位。将其滑动到一个精确的位置,要求该处的激光束的横截面最小。转动其手柄,定在相对检偏器旋转+45°or45°的位置。这时应该在屏上看到干涉图样。细调--调整激光、5-mm透镜和普克尔单元的高度直到干涉图样的双曲线系的中心位于视野的中心。--如果必要,沿支架杆轴线转动普克尔单元。实验步骤a)验证双折射--观测开始时干涉图中双曲线系的位置和普克尔单元基准点的位置。--转动手柄,慢慢改变普克尔单元基点位置,描述干涉图样的改变,并回答(1)第一双曲线系的实轴是否总平行于晶体的光轴(以基点的方向标示)?(2)屏幕上干涉图样最清晰和最模糊时,光轴和检偏器的夹角值分别为多少,为什么?,b)验证普克尔效应--将普克尔单元的基点旋回至起始位置(相对检偏器±45°)电连接(高压危险。请始终保持电线与电源、普克尔单元的良好连接。)--确定普克尔单元与高压电源的左输出相连(最大短路电流100μA),确保负端与地相连。--将电压源的电压计始终旋到左端,打开高压源的开关,用选择钮激活左路输出。高压U不超过2kV--要避免对普克尔晶体的较大的电冲击,故关闭电源和变换极性时,一定要先将电压降至0v后再操作。--缓慢升高电压U(不超过2kV),观测干涉图的改变。4--将电压降至0V,将高压电源的正负插头对调,即普克尔盒的电连接反向。--再次升高电压U(不超过2kV),观测干涉图的改变。(3)随着电压的改变,一个线系的曲线通过中心移向另外的线系,为什么?c)测定半波电压--电压设为0v,用一粗笔在纸上描出干涉图样的暗条纹。--缓慢升高电压,记录下干涉的明条纹恰好移到纸上的暗条纹位置时的电压改变值(即半波电压值),并求出平均值。思考题1,使用现有的光学元件检测激光器所发出的光的偏振特性。2,透镜1和透镜分别为什么透镜,他们在光路中起到什么作用,单独使用,是否能再现实验现象。要求应用光学的相关知识,配以光路图进行解释。3,简述锥光干涉的相关知识。