中学英语语法之1句子成分及句子结构1句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。I.主语:是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.()WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.()One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.()Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.()Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.()Therichshouldhelpthepoor.()WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.()Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作,真正的主语为)II.谓语:说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.III.表语:用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.()Isityours?()Theweatherhasturnedcold.()Thespeechisexciting.()Threetimessevenistwentyone?()HisjobistoteachEnglish.()Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.()Themachinemustbeoutoforder.()Timeisup.Theclassisover.()Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.()IV.宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.()Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.()Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.()Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.()Hepretendednottoseeme.()中学英语语法之1句子成分及句子结构2Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.()Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.()V.宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语外,还要一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:HisfathernamedhimDaming.()Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.()Letthefreshairin.()Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.()Wesawherenteringtheroom.()Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.()Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.()VI.定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的,可由下列成分充当:Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)VII.状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?时间状语)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)中学英语语法之1句子成分及句子结构3简单句的基本句子结构I.句子种类(拓展)1.英语句子按句子的用途可分四种:句子种类说明例句陈述句含肯定与否定陈述句Heissixyearsold。Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.疑问句含一般、特殊、选择和反义疑问句Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子。祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。Bequiet,please.(Pleasebequiet.)Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass.Nosmokinghere.感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈情感的句子Howclevertheboyis!Whatabeautifulcountryitis!2.按句子的结构可分三种:句子种类说明例句简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.(单个主语和谓语)TomandMikeareAmericanboys.(并列主语和复合谓语)Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.(并列谓语)并列句由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。复合句含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等Idon’tunderstandwhathesaid.Iwasborninasmallvillage,whichislocatedinWesternShandong.Iwashavingdinnerwhenitbegantorainlastnight.II.简单句的五种基本句型1.主语+系动词+表语2.主语+不及物动词(谓)3.主语+及物动词(谓)+宾语4.主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)5.主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。主语———动词:(亦称“主谓结构”)中学英语语法之1句子成分及句子结构4此句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物动词词组。有些句子中,不及物动词可有状语修饰。1.Thesunisrising.2.I’lltry.3.Didyousleepwell?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)4.Theenginebrokedown.注:此句型中,少数不及物动词表达被动含义;表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态。1.Thebooksellswell.2.Thewindowwon’tshut.3.Thepenwritessmoothly.4.Cheesecutseasily.主语———动词———宾语:(亦称“主谓宾结构”)此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。1.Doyouknowthesepeople(them)?(名词或代词作宾语)2.Ican’texpressmyselfinEnglish.(反身代词作宾语)3.Hesmiledastrangesmile.(同源宾语)4.Wecan’taffordtopaysuchaprice.(不定式作宾语)5.Wouldyoumindwaitingafewminutes?(动名词作宾语)6.IhopethatIhavesaidnothingtopainyou.(从句作宾语,即:宾语从句)注:并非所有的及物动词都可接上述成分作宾语,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。主语———动词———表语:(亦称“主系表结构”)此句型中,动词为系动词,划线部分为表语。1.Mr.Brownisanengineer.(名词作表语)2.Graduallyhebecamesilent.(形容词作表语)3.Sheremainedstandingforahour.(现在分词作表语)4.Thequestionremainedunsolved.(过去分词作表语)5.Themachineisoutoforder.(介词短语作表语)6.Thetelevisionwason.(副词作表语)7.Hisplanistokeeptheaffairsecret.(动词不定式作表语)8.Myjobisrepairingcars.(动名词作表语)9.Thequestioniswhatyouwanttodo.(从句作表语,即:表语从句)注:在下面的句子中,形容词作表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。I’mhappytomeetyou.Theyarewillingtohelp.Wearedeterminedtofollowhisexample.主语———动词———宾语———宾语:此句型中,动词可称作双宾语动词。在英语中,这样的动词并不多,故遇到时要牢记。其后宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前,表人,直接宾语在后,表物。有三种情况:第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为由to引导的短语。1.Hehandedmealetter.Hehandedalettertome.中学英语语法之1句子成分