02免疫细胞和免疫器官

•熟悉免疫系统的概念及组成，熟悉免疫器官（组成及其在免疫系统中的地位和作用），•熟悉免疫细胞（概念、种类），•掌握T、B淋巴细胞的表面标志、功能及亚群，•了解T、B淋巴细胞的发育成熟及分布，•了解淋巴细胞再循环，•熟悉NK细胞及M等免疫细胞的免疫生物学功能。免疫器官（Immuneorgans）免疫细胞（Immunecells）免疫分子（Immunemolecules）免疫系统的基本组成BasicComponentsoftheImmuneSystem2-1造血干细胞的分化途径免疫细胞（Immunecell):与应答有关的细胞，包括前体细胞。（特异性免疫）（非特异性免疫）分为执行特异性免疫和非特异性免疫的细胞2-2粒细胞系(Granulocytes)中性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞主要形态学特点：胞浆含有明显的胞浆颗粒。50%~70%1%~3%﹤1%在普通光学显微镜下观察Giemsa染色血涂片，中性粒细胞呈淡藕荷色，多叶核，胞浆中含有大量的细胞颗粒。透射电镜下其胞浆颗粒清晰可辨。I中性粒细胞(Neutrophil)RBCNeutrophilsrepresent60-70%ofleukocytesintheperipheralblood.Theirgranulescontainalkalinephosphatase,lysozame,lactoferrinetc.Theyaretheearliestphagocyticcellstoappearinthebacterialinfectionandareprominentconstituentofpus.II嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophil)在普通光学显微镜下观察Giemsa染色的血涂片，嗜酸性粒细胞胞核为双叶状，胞浆中含有大量深红色细胞颗粒。透射电镜下其胞浆颗粒呈结晶状。Eosinophilsrepresent2-4%ofperipheralbloodwhitecells.Theirgranulescontainhistaminase,acidphosphatase,andmajorbasicprotein.Theyareimportantindestroyingparasites,phagocytosingAg-boundcomplexes,andcombatinghistaminelevelsduringallergicreaction.嗜酸粒细胞占外周血白细胞的2~4%。颗粒中含有组织胺酶，酸性磷酸酶，碱性蛋白。在消灭寄生虫，吞噬抗原抗体复合物起重要的作用，在过敏反应中有抗组胺的作用。TheroleofEosinophilsinAllergicinflammationEosinophilshaveFcreceptorforIgEandcausecytotoxicitytolargemulticellularparasitescoatedwithspecificIgEantibody,analogoustoKcells.HistopathologyofbladdershowseggsofSchistosomahaematobiumsurroundedbyintenseinfiltratesofeosinophilsIII嗜碱性粒细胞(Basophil)在普通光学显微镜下观察Giemsa染色的血涂片，嗜碱性粒细胞胞浆中布满深蓝色细胞颗粒。透射电镜下胞浆颗粒中充满致密物质。Basophilsrepresent1%ofperipheralbloodwhitecells.Theirgranulescontainhistamine,heparin,andchemotacticfactorsforneutrophilsandeosinophils.TheyaresimilartomastcellsinthattheyparticipateinIgE-mediatedhypersensitiveresponses.BasophilsIV肥大细胞(mastcell)组织中的肥大细胞含有大量致密细胞颗粒（左）。Crohn氏病患者肠粘膜组织的肥大细胞自发释放颗粒的内容物，留下许多细胞颗粒空穴（右）。•肥大细胞形态大，胞核较小；•胞质内充满大量粗大而具有异染性的圆形嗜碱性颗粒；•这种颗粒被伊红染成红色。静息肥大细胞激活后5分钟激活后60分钟2-3Dendriticcells(树突细胞)Dendriticcellsarebonemarrow-derivedcellsspecializedtopresentantigentoBorTcellsinordertoinitiateaprimaryimmuneresponse.树突细胞是骨髓衍生的专职提呈抗原至B或T细胞，启动初期免疫反应DendriticCellsBonemarrowBloodTissueBlooddendriticcellMonocyteIndeterminatecellDendriticcellMacrphageMycloidprecursorPluripotentstemcell?I郎格汉斯细胞(Langerhan’scells)上皮组织中的LC（1，普通光镜）捕捉外来抗原后即进入引流淋巴结的T细胞区，成为IDC（2，扫描电镜照片）。II并指状树突细胞（interdigitatingDC）IDC表达高水平的II类MHC分子和共刺激分子B7，具有激活T细胞的能力（外周淋巴组织）。BcellsFDCIII滤泡树突细胞（folicularDC,FDC）淋巴滤泡内的FDC通过Fc受体和补体受体捕获被致敏的抗原，并将其递呈给B细胞2-4单核巨噬细胞（monocytesandmacrophages）lysosomelysosomeNucleusNucleusPhagosomeMonocyteMacrophagePhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePseudopodiaThemononuclearphagocyticsystemconsistsofmonocytescirculatinginthebloodandmacrophagesinthetissue.MonocyteMacrophageThemononuclearphagocyticsystemconsistsofmonocytescirculatinginthebloodandmacrophagesinthetissue.lysosomelysosomeNucleusNucleusPhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePhagosomePseudopodia–单核细胞Monocyte(blood)–库普弗细胞Kupffercells(liver)–肾小球间质细胞Mesangialcells(kidneyglomerulus)–小神经胶质细胞Microglia(brain)–肺泡巨噬细胞Alveolarmacrophages(lung)–组织细胞Histiocyte(connectivetissue)Macrophage--Differentnamesindifferenttissues单核巨噬细胞单核细胞体积较大，蹄状核（左，普通光镜）。透射电镜显示其高尔基体发达、粒体丰富、胞浆颗粒明显（中）。扫描电镜显示腹腔巨噬细胞粘附于玻璃表面（右）。MacrophagesIngestandDegradeantigensbacteriaLongpseudopodia(A)(B)MacrophagesIngestandDegradeantigens2-5Lymphocytes（淋巴细胞）Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurfacereceptorsforantigens.Therearetwomainclassesoflymphocytes-BandTcells-whichmediatehumoralandcellularimmunityrespectively.I淋巴细胞的一般特点(Generalcharacteristicsoflymphocytes)未活化淋巴细胞直径6~7微米，浆/核比例很小（左，普通光镜）。投射电镜显示未活化淋巴细胞胞核致密，胞浆中细胞器很少（右）。Restinglymphocyteshavelittlecytoplasmandcondensednuclearchromatin.Uponactivation,thecellenlargestoformalymphoblastandthenproliferatesanddifferentiatesintoanantigen-specificeffectorcell.PCSmalllymphocyte(TorB)6µmlymphoblast(TorB)15µmPlasmacell(B)15µmMemorycell(TorB)CLPNKBTThCTLPCLymphocytesubsetsTCELLSBCELLSCommonLymphoidprecurs0rTHELPERCELLSCYTOTOXICTCELLSPLASMACELLSActivateBcellsAndmacrophagesKillvirusInfectedcellsProduceantibodiesII淋巴细胞分群(Classificationoflymphocytes)1、T淋巴细胞Tlymphocytederivetheirnamefromtheirsiteofmaturationinthethymus.MHC/抗原肽补体运铁蛋白TCRCD35CD28B7-2CD4CD8IL-2CD71CD58（LAF-3）CD2orFcmRFcgR抗体(1)T细胞表面受体组织胺白细胞分化抗原:CD抗原(clusterofdifferentiation,)是指血细胞在分化成熟为不同谱系、分化的不同阶段及细胞活化过程中，出现或消失的细胞表面标记分子。白细胞分化抗原除表达在白细胞之外，还表达在红系、巨核和血小板谱系。白细胞分化抗原还广泛分布于非造血细胞如血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、上皮细胞、神经内分泌细胞等。(2)T细胞免疫缺陷表现为体液与细胞免疫应答无能，患者反复发生致命性病毒、霉菌、分枝杆菌和寄生虫感染。先天性胸腺发育不全（DiGeorge综合症）无胸腺的裸鼠是T细胞选择性缺陷的天然动物模型TumorsformedbyRat1cellsexpressingmyr-p110.Nudemicewereinjectedontheleftflankwith1X106Rat-1Acellsexpressingmyr-p110andontherightflankwithanequalnumberofcontrolRat-1Acells.Thispicturewastaken10dayspostinoculation.2、B淋巴细胞TheBlymphocytederiveditsletterdesignationfromitssitofmaturation,inthebursaofFabriciusinbirds,thenameturnedouttobeapt,forbonemarrowisitsmajorsiteofmaturationinanumberofmammalianspecies,includinghumansandmice.抗原补体(C3bi)CD23CD28B7-2CD40IL-5FcmR(1)B细胞表面受体IL-2IgMIgECD21IL-4CD32IgG补体(C3b,C4b)CD40-LBcellisoneofthetwomajortypesoflymphocytes.TheantigenreceptoronofBcellsisacell-surfaceIg.OnactivationbyAg,Bcellsdifferentiateintopl