托福听力Unit-6

TOEFL听力自然科学长演讲学科内容类（二）自然科学类高频考试话题：•Geology&geography4%•Environment4%•Chemistry4%•Astronomy2%•Oceanography2%•Physics2%Geology•GeologyisthescienceandstudyofthephysicalmatterandenergythatconstitutetheEarth.Thefieldofgeologyencompassesthestudyofthecomposition,structure,properties,andhistoryoftheplanet'sphysicalmaterials,theprocessesbywhichitisformed,moved,andchanged,thehistoryoflifeonEarth,andhumaninteractionswiththeEarth.EarthStructureOtherterms•Seismology•Platestructure•Tectonics•Earthquakes•Continentaldrift•Structureofvolcanoes•Africanplate•Antarcticplate•Indo-Austrianplate•Eurasianplate•NorthAmericanplate•SouthAmericanplate•PacificplatePlatetectonicsPlateBoundariesVolcanoStructureExercise-DT462•本篇听力材料描述的是一次火山爆发事件•词汇：peak,dormant,seismologist,avalanche,tremor,magma,crater,summit,vibration,ash,swell,bulge,frequent,trigger,landslide,tremendous,blast,chamber,explode,devastate,megaton,hydrogen,goat,elk,Geography•GeographyisthestudyoftheEarthanditslands,features,inhabitants,andphenomena.AliteraltranslationwouldbetodescribeorwriteabouttheEarth.Fourhistoricaltraditionsingeographicalresearcharethespatialanalysisofnaturalandhumanphenomena(geographyasastudyofdistribution),areastudies(placesandregions),studyofman-landrelationship,andresearchinearthscience.Nonetheless,moderngeographyisanall-encompassingdisciplinethatforemostseekstounderstandtheEarthandallofitshumanandnaturalcomplexities—notmerelywhereobjectsare,buthowtheyhavechangedandcometobe.Asthebridgebetweenthehumanandphysicalscience,geographyisdividedintotwomainhumangeographyandphysicalgeography.Famousgeographicalterm•Equator•Northpole•NorthFrigidZone-Arcticcircle•NorthTemperateZone-TropicofCancer•TorridZone-TropicalCircles•SouthTemperateZone-TropicofCapricorn•SouthFrigidZone-AntarcticCircle•TheAntarctic•Asia•Europe•Africa•SouthAmerica•NorthAmerica•Australia•Antarctica•Pacificocean•Arcticocean•Indianocean•AtlanticoceanImportantAmericangeographicalsites•WashingtonD.C.•NewYork–NowYorkCity,Albany•Alaska-Juneau•California–LosAngeles,Sacramento,SanFrancisco•Illinois–Springfield,Chicago•Colorado-Denver•Hawaii-Honolulu•Massachusetts-Boston•Mississippi-Jackson•NewJersey-Trenton•Texas-AustinHouston•Thegreatsaltlake,LakeBaikal,CaspianSea•Thegreatlakes–LakeSuperior,LakeHuron,LakeMichigan,LakeErie,LakeOntario•YellowstoneNationalPark•MountRushmore,Rockymountain,Appalachians,Cascades•Himalayas,Alps,Andes,Exercise-LG443•本篇听力材料描述的是两个自然物-湖泊•词汇：prehistoric,remnant,squaremiles,freshwater,saltwater,outlet,mineral,evaporateExercise–LG353•本片描述的是山脉的形成•词汇：mountainranges,comprise–include,encircle,probability,majestic,collision,rival,erode,beforewewrapupfortodayEnvironmentalprotection•Protectionoftheenvironmentisneededfromvarioushumanactivities.Waste,pollution,lossofbiodiversity,introductionofinvasivespecies,releaseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsandtoxicsaresomeoftheissuesrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection.Exercise–LG452•本篇听力材料讲述了一个能源事故•词汇：powerplant,catastrophic,factor,pressurize,valve,misinterpret,instrument,meltdown,nuclear,uranium,fuel,exacerbate,fortunatelyExercise–OG262T1T14•本篇材料讲述的是一个自然资源的利用原理•词汇：specific,underground,hydrogeologist,figureout,aquifer,implication,yield,recharge,discharge,dryup,sustainable,availability,incompatible,Chemistry•Chemistryisthescienceofmatterandthechangesitundergoes.Thescienceofmatterisalsoaddressedbyphysics,butwhilephysicstakesamoregeneralandfundamentalapproach,chemistryismorespecialized,beingconcernedwiththecomposition,behavior,structure,andpropertiesofmatter,aswellasthechangesitundergoesduringchemicalreactions.Itisaphysicalsciencewhichstudiesofvariousatoms,molecules,crystalsandotheraggregatesofmatterwhetherinisolationorcombination,whichincorporatestheconceptsofenergyandentropyinrelationtothespontaneityofchemicalprocesses.•Atom•Element•Compound•Substance•Molecule•Mole•Ionsandsalts•Acidityandbasicity•Phase•Redox•Bonding•Reaction•Equilibrium•Energy•ChemicallawsExercise–LG417•本篇描述了一个化学分子的特性•词汇：carbon,unique,compound,atom,attach,graphite,gasoline,diamond,derivedfrom,molecule,lead,octane,substanceAstronomy•Astronomyisanaturalsciencethatdealswiththestudyofcelestialobjects(suchasstars,planets,comets,nebulae,starclustersandgalaxies)andphenomenathatoriginateoutsidetheEarth'satmosphere(suchasthecosmicbackgroundradiation).Itisconcernedwiththeevolution,physics,chemistry,meteorology,andmotionofcelestialobjects,aswellastheformationanddevelopmentoftheuniverse.UsefultermsConstellations/Zodiacs:•魔羯座(12/22-1/19)Capricorn•水瓶座(1/20-2/18)Aquarius•双鱼座(2/19-3/20)Pisces•牡羊座(3/21-4/20)Aries•金牛座(4/21-5/20)Taurus•双子座(5/21-6/21)Gemini巨蟹座(6/22-7/22)Cancer•狮子座(7/23-8/22)Leo•处女座(8/23-9/22)Virgo•天秤座(9/23-10/22)Libra•天蝎座(10/23-11/21)Scorpio•射手座(11/22-12/21)SagittariusOtherplanetandstars:•MERCURY水星•VENUS金星•EARTH地球•MARS火星•JUPITER木星•SATURN土星•URANUS天王星•NEPTUNE海王星•PLUTO冥王星•Bigdipper北斗七星Othercelestialbodies:•Blackhole,comet,galaxies,supernova,asteroid,nebulaExercise–OG157S4T7•本片描述的是一种天体的发现•词汇：asteroid,decimal,telescope,Ceres,Exercise-OG380T2T50•本片描述的是人类在火星上的发现•词汇：sb.getstruckbysth.,occasionally,c