1/7511.SmokingandCancer11、吸烟和癌1.Americanssmokesixthousandmillioncigaretteseveryyear(1970figures).Thisisroughlytheequivalentof4,195cigarettesayearforeverypersoninthecountryof18yearsofageormore.Itisestimatedthat51%ofAmericanmensmokecomparedwith34%ofAmericanwomen.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计,美国有51%的男性吸烟,而女性吸烟的比例则为34%。2.Since1939,numerousscientificstudieshavebeenconductedtodeterminewhethersmokingisahealthhazard.Thetrendoftheevidencehasbeenconsistentandindicatesthatthereisaserioushealthrisk.Researchteamshaveconductedstudiesthatshowbeyondallreasonabledoubtthattobaccosmoking,particularlycigarettesmoking,isassociatedwithshortenedlifeexpectancy.2、1939年以来,为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的,并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明,吸食烟草,特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。3.Cigarettesmokingisbelievedbymostresearchworkersinthisfieldtobeanimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofcancerofthelungsandcancerofthethroatandisbelievedtoberelatedtocancerofthebladderandtheoralcavity.Malecigarettesmokershaveahigherdeathratefromheartdiseasethannon-smokingmales.(Femalesmokersarethoughttobelessaffectedbecausetheydonotbreatheinthesmokesodeeply.)Themajorityofdoctorsandresearchersconsidertheserelationshipsprovedtotheirsatisfactionandsay,”Giveupsmoking.Ifyoudon'tsmoke—don'tstart!3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素,还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些,因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为,上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实,并且告诫说:“戒烟吧,如果你不会抽—那可不要学!”4.Somecompetentphysiciansandresearchworkers—thoughtheirsmallnumberisdecreasedevenfurther—arelesssureoftheeffectofcigarettesmokingonhealth.Theyconsidertheincreaseinrespiratorydiseasesandvariousformsofcancermaypossiblybeexplainedbyotherfactorsinthecomplexhumanenvironment—atmosphericpollution,increasednervousstress,chemicalsubstancesinprocessedfood,orchemicalpesticidesthatarenowbeingusedbyfarmersinvastquantitiestodestroyinsectsandsmall2/75animals.Smokerswhodevelopcancerorlungdiseases,theysay,mayalso,bycoincidence,liveinindustrialareas,oreatmorecannedfood.Gradually,however,researchisisolatingallotherpossiblefactorsandprovingthemtobestatisticallyirrelevant.4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员—虽然这些人不多,并且人数在进一步减少—不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素,即:空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说,那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区,或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性,并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。5.Apartfromthescientificstatistics,itmightbehelpfultolookatwhatsmokingtobaccoactuallydoestothehumanbody.Smokeisamixtureofgases,vaporizedchemicals,minuteparticlesofash,andothersolids.Thereisalsonicotine,whichisapowerfulpoison,andblacktar.Asthesmokeisbreathedin,allthesecomponentsformdepositsonthemembranesofthelungs.Onepointofconcentrationiswheretheairtube,orbronchus,divides.Mostlungcancerbeginsatthispoint.5、除了科学统计之外,研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体,包括气化的化学物质,极小的灰末微粒和其它固体,还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时,所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。6.Smokingalsoaffectstheheartandbloodvessels.ItisknowntoberelatedtoBeurger'sdisease,anarrowingofthesmallveinsinthehandsandfeetthatcancausegreatpainandleadeventoamputationoflimbs.Smokersalsodiemuchmoreoftenfromheartdisease.6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小,从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。7.Whilealltobaccosmokingaffectslifeandexpectancyandhealth,cigarettesmokingappearstohaveamuchgreatereffectthancigarorpipesmoking.However,nicotineconsumptionisnotdiminishedbythelatterforms,andcurrentresearchindicatesacausalrelationshipbetweenallformsofsmokingandcancerofthemouthandthroat.Filtersandlowtartobaccoareclaimedtomakesmokingtosomeextentsafer,butthey3/75canonlymarginallyreduce,noteliminatethehazards.7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康,但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过,后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食,并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全,但是这只能略微减少危害,而不能消除危害。12.Takingchances,Makingchances抓住机遇,制造机遇LecturerCharlesHobbssometimestellsaboutawomanwholivedinLondonoveracenturyago.Shesavedwhatlittlemoneyshecouldworkingasascullerymaidanduseditoneeveningtohearagreatspeakerofherday.Hisspeechmovedherdeeplyandshewaitedtovisitwithhimafterward.Howfineitmustbetohavehadtheopportunitiesyouhavehadinlife,”shesaid.演说家查尔斯•霍布斯经常会在他的演说中引用这样的故事。一百多年前,伦敦住着一位女士,她以给人帮厨为生。生活虽然很艰难,她还是省吃俭用地攒了一点儿钱,并用这点儿钱去听了一场演讲。演讲者是一位在当时非常著名的演说家。他的演讲深深地感染了她,也触动了她。演讲结束之后,她并没有立即离去,而是去拜访了那位演说家。“要能像您这样一生中拥有这么多的机会那该有多好啊!”她羡慕道。(Notice:livein,liveon&liveat的区别)Mydearlady.”hereplied,”haveyouneverreceivedanopportunity?“哦,亲爱的女士,”那位演讲家问道,“难道您从未得到过任何机会吗?”Notme.Ihaveneverhadachance,”shesaid.“是的,我从未得到过任何机会。”她很沮丧。Whatdoyoudo?thespeakerasked.“那您是做什么工作的?”演讲家问道。Sheanswered,”Ipeelonionsandpotatoesinmysister'sboardinghouse.“我在我姐姐开的寄宿公寓里帮厨,剥剥洋葱削削土豆她答道Howlonghaveyoubeendoingthis?hepursued.“你做这事多长时间了?”演讲家追问。Fifteenmiserableyears!“都已经干了15年了,难熬的15年啊!”Andwheredoyousit?hecontinued.“您工作的时候坐在哪里呢?”演讲家继续问。4/75Why,onthebottomstepinthekitchen.”Shelookedpuzzled.“您为什么问这个?”她感到非常的迷惑,“我就坐在厨房最低的一级台阶上Andwheredoyouputyourfeet?“那么您把脚放在哪里呢?”Onthefloor,”sheanswered,morepuzzled.“放在地板上啊。”她惊讶地望着演讲家。Whatisthefloor?“那地板是什么样的?”Itisglazedbrick.“是用釉面砖铺就的。”Thenhesaid,”Mydearlady,Iwillgiveyouanassignmenttoday.Iwantyoutowritemealetter