礼记·学记发fā虑lǜ宪xiàn,求qiú善shàn良liáng,足zú以yǐ謏xiǎo闻wén,不bù足zú以yǐ动dòng众zhòng。就jiù贤xián体tǐ远yuǎn,足zú以yǐ动dòng众zhòng,未wèi足zú以yǐ化huà民mín。君jūn子zǐ如rú欲yù化huà民mín成chéng俗sú,其qí必bì由yóu学xué乎hū!玉yù不bù琢zhuó,不bù成chéng器qì;人rén不bù学xué,不bù知zhī道dào。是shì故gù古gǔ之zhī王wáng者zhě,建jiàn国guó君jūn民mín,教jiào学xué为wéi先xiān。《兑yuè命mìng》曰yuē:“念niàn终zhōng始shǐ,典diǎn于yú学xué。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!虽suī有yǒu佳jiā肴yáo,弗fú食shí,不bù知zhī其qí旨zhǐ也yě;虽suī有yǒu至zhì道dào,弗fú学xué,不bù知zhī其qí善shàn也yě。是shì故gù学xué然rán后hòu知zhī不bù足zú,教jiào然rán后hòu知zhī困kùn。知zhī不bù足zú然rán后hòu能néng自zì反fǎn也yě,知zhī困kùn然rán后hòu能néng自zì强qiáng也yě。故gù曰yuē:教jiào学xué相xiāng长zhǎng也yě。《兑yuè命mìng》曰yuē:“斅xiào学xué半bàn。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!古gǔ之zhī教jiào者zhě,家jiā有yǒu塾shú,党dǎng有yǒu庠xiáng,术suì遂有yǒu序xù,国guó有yǒu学xué。比bì年nián入rù学xué,中zhōng年nián考kǎo校jiào。一yī年nián视shì离lí经jīng辨biàn志zhì,三sān年nián视shì敬jìng业yè乐yào群qún,五wǔ年nián视shì博bó习xí亲qīn师shī,七qī年nián视shì论lùn学xué取qǔ友yǒu,谓wèi之zhī小xiǎo成chéng。九jiǔ年nián知zhī类lèi通tōng达dá,强qiáng立lì而ér不bù反fǎn,谓wèi之zhī大dà成chéng。夫fū然rán后hòu足zú以yǐ化huà民mín易yì俗sú,近jìn者zhě说yuè悦服fú而ér远yuǎn者zhě怀huái之zhī,此cǐ大dà学xué之zhī道dào也yě。记jì曰yuē:“蛾yǐ子zǐ时shí术shù之zhī。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!大dà学xué始shǐ教jiào,皮pí弁biàn祭jì菜cài,示shì敬jìng道dào也yě。宵xiǎo雅yǎ肄yì三sān,官guān其qí始shǐ也yě。入rù学xué鼓gǔ箧qiè,孙xùn逊其qí业yè也yě。夏jiǎ楚chǔ二èr物wù,收shōu其qí威wēi也yě。未wèi卜bǔ禘dì不bù视shì学xué,游yóu其qí志zhì也yě。时shí观guān而ér弗fú语yǔ,存cún其qí心xīn也yě。幼yòu者zhě听tīng而ér弗fú问wèn,学xué不bù躐liè等děng也yě。此cǐ七qī者zhě,教jiào之zhī大dà伦lún也yě。记jì曰yuē:“凡fán学xué,官guān先xiān事shì,士shì先xiān志zhì。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!大dà学xué之zhī教jiào也yě,时shí教jiào必bì有yǒu正zhèng业yè,退tuì息xī必bì有yǒu居jū学xué。不bù学xué操cāo缦màn,不bù能néng安ān弦xián;不bù学xué博bó依yī,不bù能néng安ān诗shī;不bù学xué杂zá服fú,不bù能néng安ān礼lǐ;不bù兴xīng其qí艺yì,不bù能néng乐lè学xué。故gù君jūn子zǐ之zhī于yú学xué也yě,藏cáng焉yān,修xiū焉yān,息xī焉yān,游yóu焉yān。夫fú然rán,故gù安ān其qí学xué而ér亲qīn其qí师shī,乐lè其qí友yǒu而ér信xìn其qí道dào,是shì以yǐ虽suī离lí师shī辅fǔ而ér不bù反fǎn也yě。《兑yuè命mìng》曰yuē:“敬jìng孙xùn务wù时shí敏mǐn,厥jué修xiū乃nǎi来lái。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!今jīn之zhī教jiào者zhě,呻shēn其qí占zhàn毕bì,多duō其qí讯xùn言yán,及jí于yú数shuò进jìn而ér不bù顾gù其qí安ān。使shǐ人rén不bù由yóu其qí诚chéng,教jiào人rén不bù尽jìn其qí材cái。其qí施shī之zhī也yě悖bèi,其qí求qiú之zhī也yě佛fú拂。夫fú然rán,故gù隐yǐn其qí学xué而ér疾jí其qí师shī,苦kǔ其qí难nán而ér不bù知zhī其qí益yì也yě。虽suī终zhōng其qí业yè,其qí去qù之zhī必bì速sù。教jiào之zhī不bù刑xíng,其qí此cǐ之zhī由yóu乎hū!大dà学xué之zhī法fǎ,禁jìn于yú未wèi发fā之zhī谓wèi豫yù预,当dāng其qí可kě之zhī谓wèi时shí,不bù凌líng节jié而ér施shī之zhī谓wèi孙xùn,相xiāng观guān而ér善shàn之zhī谓wèi摩mó。此cǐ四sì者zhě,教jiào之zhī所suǒ由yóu兴xīng也yě。发fā然rán后hòu禁jìn,则zé扞hàn格gé而ér不bù胜shèng;时shí过guò然rán后hòu学xué,则zé勤qín苦kǔ而ér难nán成chéng;杂zá施shī而ér不bù孙xùn,则zé坏huài乱luàn而ér不bù修xiū;独dú学xué而ér无wú友yǒu,则zé孤gū陋lòu而ér寡guǎ闻wén;燕yàn朋péng逆nì其qí师shī;燕yàn辟pì废fèi其qí学xué。此cǐ六liù者zhě,教jiào之zhī所suǒ由yóu废fèi也yě。君jūn子zǐ既jì知zhī教jiào之zhī所suǒ由yóu兴xīng,又yòu知zhī教jiào之zhī所suǒ由yóu废fèi,然rán后hòu可kě以yǐ为wéi人rén师shī也yě。故gù君jūn子zǐ之zhī教jiào喻yù也yě,道dǎo导而ér弗fú牵qiān,强qiáng而ér弗fú抑yì,开kāi而ér弗fú达dá。道dǎo而ér弗fú牵qiān则zé和hé,强qiáng而ér弗fú抑yì则zé易yì,开kāi而ér弗fú达dá则zé思sī。和hé易yì以yǐ思sī,可kě谓wèi善shàn喻yù矣yǐ。学xué者zhě有yǒu四sì失shī,教jiào者zhě必bì知zhī之zhī。人rén之zhī学xué也yě,或huò失shī则zé多duō,或huò失shī则zé寡guǎ,或huò失shī则zé易yì,或huò失shī则zé止zhǐ。此cǐ四sì者zhě,心xīn之zhī莫mò同tóng也yě。知zhī其qí心xīn,然rán后hòu能néng救jiù其qí失shī也yě。教jiào也yě者zhě,长zhǎng善shàn而ér救jiù其qí失shī者zhě也yě。善shàn歌gē者zhě,使shǐ人rén继jì其qí声shēng;善shàn教jiào者zhě,使shǐ人rén继jì其qí志zhì。其qí言yán也yě,约yuē而ér达dá,微wēi而ér臧zāng,罕hǎn譬pì而ér喻yù,可kě谓wèi继jì志zhì矣yǐ。君jūn子zǐ知zhī至zhì学xué之zhī难nán易yì,而ér知zhī其qí美měi恶è,然rán后hòu能néng博bó喻yù;能néng博bó喻yù,然rán后hòu能néng为wéi师shī;能néng为wéi师shī,然rán后hòu能néng为wéi长zhǎng;能néng为wéi长zhǎng,然rán后hòu能néng为wéi君jūn。故gù师shī也yě者zhě,所suǒ以yǐ学xué为wéi君jūn也yě。是shì故gù择zé师shī不bù可kě不bù慎shèn也yě。记jì曰yuē:“三sān王wáng四sì代dài唯wéi其qí师shī。”其qí此cǐ之zhī谓wèi乎hū!凡fán学xué之zhī道dào,严yán师shī为wéi难nán。师shī严yán然rán后hòu道dào尊zūn,道dào尊zūn然rán后hòu民mín知zhī敬jìng学xué。是shì故gù君jūn之zhī所suǒ以yǐ不bù臣chén于yú其qí臣chén者zhě二èr:当dāng其qí为wéi尸shī,则zé弗fú臣chén也yě;当dāng其qí为wéi师shī,则zé弗fú臣chén也yě。大dà学xué之zhī礼lǐ,虽suī诏zhào于yú天tiān子zǐ,无wú北běi面miàn,所suǒ以yǐ尊zūn师shī也yě。善shàn学xué者zhě,师shī逸yì而ér功gōng倍bèi,又yòu从cóng而ér庸yōng之zhī。不bù善shàn学者xuézhě,师shī勤qín而ér功gōng半bàn,又yòu从cóng而ér怨yuàn之zhī。善shàn问wèn者zhě,如rú攻gōng坚jiān木mù,先xiān其qí易yì者zhě,后hòu其qí节jié目mù,及jí其qí久jiǔ也yě,相xiāng说tuō脱以yǐ解jiě;不bù善shàn问wèn者zhě反fǎn此cǐ。善shàn待dài问wèn者zhě,如rú撞zhuàng钟zhōng,叩kòu之zhī以yǐ小xiǎo者zhě则zé小xiǎo鸣míng,叩kòu之zhī以yǐ大dà者zhě则zé大dà鸣míng,待dài其qí从cóng容róng,然rán后hòu尽jìn其qí声shēng;不bù善shàn答dá问wèn者zhě反fǎn此cǐ。此cǐ皆jiē进jìn学xué之zhī道dào也yě。记jì问wèn之zhī学xué,不bù足zú以yǐ为wéi人rén师shī,必bì也yě听tīng语yǔ乎hū!力lì不bù能néng问wèn,然rán后hòu语yù之zhī;语yù之zhī而ér不bù知zhī,虽suī舍shě之zhī可kě也yě。良liáng冶yě之zhī子zǐ,必bì学xué为wéi裘qiú;良liáng弓gōng之zhī子zǐ,必bì学xué为wéi箕jī;始shǐ驾jià马mǎ者zhě反fǎn之zhī,车chē在zài马mǎ前qián。君jūn子zǐ察chá于yú此cǐ三sān者zhě,可kě以yǐ有yǒu志zhì于yú学xué矣yǐ。古gǔ之zhī学xué者zhě,比bǐ物wù丑chǒu类lèi。鼓gǔ无wú当dàng于yú五wǔ声shēng,五wǔ声shēng弗fú得dé不bù和hé;水shuǐ无wú当dàng于yú五wǔ色sè,五wǔ色sè弗fú得dé不bù章zhāng;学xué无wú当dàng于yú五wǔ官guān,五wǔ官guān弗fú得dé不bù治zhì;师shī无wú当dàng于yú五wǔ服fú,五wǔ服fú弗fú得dé不bù亲qīn。君jūn子zǐ曰yuē:“大dà德dé不bù官guān,大dà道dào不bù器qì,大dà信xìn不bù约yuē,大dà时shí不bù齐qí。”察chá于yú此cǐ四sì者zhě,可kě以yǐ有yǒu志zhì于yú本běn矣yǐ。三sān王wáng之zhī祭jì川chuān也yě,皆jiē先xiān河hé而ér后hòu海hǎi。或huò源yuán也yě,或huò委wěi也yě。此cǐ之zhī谓wèi务wù本běn!◎《礼lǐ记jì·学xué记jì》终zhōng