EnglishGrammarSentences英语句子种类与类型I、句子种类(按交际用途分)陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE结构II、句子类型(按句子结构分)简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句I、句子种类(按交际用途分)陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句定义:说明一个事实或陈述一个看法,有肯定式和否定式,语序是主语在前,谓语在后。举例:肯定陈述句Shearrivedearly.否定陈述句Shecannothavearrivednow.陈述句1)半否定句Ihardlyknowanythingaboutit.2)部分否定句与全否定句Idon’tlikeboththefilms.IlikeneitherCathynorMary.3)否定转移Idon’tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.(believe,expect,suppose,imagine)否定陈述句疑问句(1)一般疑问句(2)特殊疑问句(3)选择疑问句(4)附加疑问句(5)修辞疑问句(6)感叹疑问句(7)反问句定义:用以提问的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句句末需用问号。分类:定义:用来询问一件事,答案通常是yes或no,注意语序。举例:Haveyouanythingtosay?Didsomeonephonemelastnight?Can’tyouunderstandit?Isn’titabeautifullake?---Haven’tyoubeentotheUK?---No,Ihaven’t.一般疑问句特殊疑问词有:who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。A、简略式Whynotgoalone?Whygetsoangry?How/Whatabouttakingarest?B、复杂特殊疑问句Whatdoyouthinkhehasdone?特殊疑问句定义:用来对句子某一特殊部分进行提问的疑问句。(1)以一般疑问句为基础Isheateacheroradoctororapoliceman?ShallIhelpyouorcanyoumanage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础Whichdoyouprefer,redwineorwhite?Howshallwegothere?Bybusorbytrain?选择疑问句定义:提供两种或两种以上的情况供对方选择,有2种形式。附加疑问句(反意疑问句)定义:附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所述的事实或观点提出疑问。回答一般用yes或no。有2种表达结构。结构1:陈述句是肯定结构,附加疑问句用否定结构;或陈述句是否定结构,附加疑问句用肯定结构。附加疑问句的主语必须用代词。结构2:陈述句是肯定结构,附加疑问句也用肯定结构。结构1举例:Sheknowsyou,doesn’tshe?(前肯+后否)—Yes,shedoes.(是的,她认识我)—No,shedoesn’t.(不,她不认识我)在正式文体中,否定疑问句不用缩略格式,not应置于主语之后。如:Sheknowsyou,doesshenot?(前否+后肯)I’mnotonthewrongtrain,amI?—Yes,youare.(不,你上错火车了)—No,youaren’t.(是的,你没有上错火车)附加疑问句(反意疑问句)结构2举例:Yourcarisoutside,isit?(前肯+后肯)—Yes,itis.(是的,车停在外面)—No,itisn’t.(不,车没有停在外面)附加疑问句(反意疑问句)注意:附加疑问句有时可用eh?right?amIright?don’tyouthink?isn’tthatso?等。例句:Shedidn’tpasstheexam,right?反意疑问句练习1.TomhardlyknowsFrench,____________?2.—Marydidn'tfailherexam,didshe?---______,shedidn’t.3.Youneedn’tcome,______you?Youneedtocome,______you?4.Hehadabigtimethere,______he?Hehadacar,______he?Wehardlyhavetogetupearly,______we?5.HeusedtoliveinLeeds,______he?doesheNomustdon’tdidn’tdidn’tdodidn’t6.Let’sgotothematchatonce,______we?Leavemealone,______you?7.Theyhavebeenlearningtodrive,______they?8.Noonewashurt,____________?9.Thereisnodoubtaboutit,____________?10.Annahasn’tgottogotoschoolonSunday,______she?shallwillhaven’tweren’ttheyistherehas反意疑问句练习Whatmoredoyouwant?你还想要什么呢?意即:你不应该再想要什么了,应知足了。修辞疑问句Isitimportant?这事对你重要吗?意即:这事对你无关紧要,没必要问。定义:为了取得一种修辞上的效果而提出的,相当于陈述句,不需要回答,肯定结构表否定,否定结构表肯定。WhatdoIcare?关我什么事?意即:一点都不关我的事。举例:AmIhungry!我当然饿!感叹疑问句Hasn’tshegrown!她长得多快!定义:形式虽是疑问句,实际是表感叹。肯定与否定结构皆可用。句末用感叹号。举例:—I’mgoingtotown.—Totown?—Yes反问句定义:要求对方肯定或解释所说过的话。这种疑问句往往重复对方的话,或提出特殊疑问。举例:定义:表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等,用原形。祈使句形式:祈使句的主语常为第二人称you,谓语动词用原形,否定结构用don’t+动词原形。祈使句1)带第二人称的祈使句Bequiet,please.Don’tmakeanynoise!Youcallataxi.Don’tyouforgetit.(强调)Givemeahand,will/won’t/would/wouldn’you?2)带第一、三人称的祈使句Letmetryagain.Let’sgo.Letusgo.Let’snotsayanythingaboutit./Don’tlet’ssay…Lethimbehereby10o’clock.祈使句祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、形容词、副词等表示。如:Help!Patience!Quickly!Handsup!祈使句注意:1、加强语气Dobecarefulofmybrokenleg.Doletmehaveanothertry.2、祈使句的省略式A:ShallIopenthewindow?B:Yes,pleasedo./No,pleasedon’t.A:Shallwewatchthegame?B:Yes,let’s.定义:用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。举例:Whatalovelybabyitis!Howfoolishsheis!感叹句1)陈述句、疑问句改变原来的音调(即变为降调)即可构成感叹句。举例:Mum,auntiscoming!Haveyoueverseensuchathing?!2)将感叹词what或how及它所修饰的词置于句首,即可构成感叹句。感叹句3)单词或短语构成感叹句(省去其它句子成分)。举例:Fire!着火啦!Godheavens!天啦!There-be结构举例:(1)Thereisaclockonthetable.(2)OncetherelivedakingcalledLear.(3)Theregoesthebell!(4)Herecomesthebus.Herehecomes.(4)Thereusedtobeavillageatthefootofthemountain.(5)Thereistobeaheavyraintonight.(6)Thereseemstobesomemisunderstanding.(7)Thereisababycryinginthenextdoor.说明:there-be结构中,there通常没有词义,其后的动词具有实义。A.therebe结构中的be可运用各种时态。1.今晚有个会议。Thereisgoingtobe/willbeameetingtonight.2.有个女孩一直在等你。Therehasbeenagirlwaitingforyou.3.你来之前就有过很多起这样的事故。Therehadbeenmanysuchaccidentsbeforeyoucame.There-be结构B.Therebe结构变形。1.Thereused/seem/happen/appeartobe…1).看来没人愿意帮忙。Thereappearedtobenobodywillingtohelp.2).过去这儿有一座楼房。Thereusedtobeabuildinghere.There-be结构3).碰巧有个人在此经过。Therehappenedtobeamanwalkingby.4).好象没有太大的希望。Theredoesn'tseemtobemuchhope.There-be结构B.Therebe结构变形。2.在therebe的be前还可以加上各种情态动词.1).一定有问题。Theremustbesomethingwrong.2).不应该有这么多的人。Thereoughtnottobesomanypeople.3).可能还有点希望。Theremightstillbehope.There-be结构C.“therebe”结构中的特殊动词:1.除用动词be之外,还可以用和be意义相近的其他动词:live,exist,stand,lie,occur,come,follow,remain等。1).很久很久以前,有一个国王。Long,longago,therelivedaking.There-be结构2).然后有人敲门。Thentherecameaknockatthedoor.3).然后是传来了可怕的声音。Therefollowedaterriblenoise.4).突然进来了一个奇怪的人。Suddenlythereenteredastrangeman.There-be结构D.“therebe”的特殊的表达方式1.Thereisnosenseindoing做某事是没有意义的Thereisnosenseinmakinghimangry.跟他生气是没有用的。There-be结构2.Thereisnousedoing做某事是没有用的Thereisnousegoingthere.去那儿是没有好处的。3.Thereisnoneedtodo没有必要做某事Thereisnoneedtogivehimsomuchmoney.根本没有必要给他那么多的钱。There-be结构II、句子类型(按句子结构分)简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句定义:只包含一个主谓结构,个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。AllroadsleadtoRome.Hegotup,dressedquickly,washedhimselfandwentout.Isheasuperman?Don’tbeshy.Haveatry.Themandressedinblackseemstobeaspy.简单句例句:定义:包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,分句由并列连词and;then;but;or;orelse;so;for;while;when;both…and;either…or;neither…nor;notonly…,butalso;aswellas等来连接。并列句Heisabasketballfan,andhiswifeisavolleyballfan.