英语语法 Statement, Question, Command, Exclamation

ANewEnglishGrammarCoursebook英语语法November,2010Lecture27Statement,Question,Command,ExclamationTeachingAims:1.Toknowsomebasicconceptsaboutsentencesandcantellthemcorrectly.2.Tomasterthecommunicativefunctionsofeachkindofsentence.3.Touseallthesesentencestructurescorrectlyandfluently.TeachingContents:1.Theusageofstatement2.Theusageofquestion3.Theusageofcommand4.TheusageofexclamationKeyPoints:1.Theusageofstatement2.Theusageofquestion1.Statements1)PositivestatementsTheseincludesuchattitudinaldisjunctsasIthink,Iguess,Isuppose,Isuspect,I'mafraid,ifI'mnotmistaken,IfImightsayso,ifyouplease,ifyoudon'tmind,etc.e.g.:Teaching16hoursaweek,I'mafraid,istoomuchforme.Wehavemetbefore,ifI'mnotmistaken.Toreinforceastatement,anothersetofdevicesareavailableforuse.Theseincludeemphasizers,reinforcementtags,doublenegativesaswellasrhetoricalquestions.e.g.:Manypeoplewillcertainlylosetheirjobs.Thatwasatrap,thatwas.Thatkindofresultisnotimpossible.Isn'titlovelyweathertoday?Negativestatementscanbereinforcedbyshiftingthenegativewordfromitsnormalpositiontotheheadofthesentence,inwhichcasesubject-operatorinversionisoftenrequired.Hewouldneverdosuchathing.Neverwouldhedosuchathing.2)NegativestatementsOtherdevicesfornegativereinforcementincludenotone/asingle+singularnoun,notawink,notasoul,notafinger,notamuscle,neverin(all)mylife,etc,e.g.:Notasinglesoundwasheard.Ididn'tsleepawinkallnight.Hewon'tliftafingertohelpus.Devicesfornegativereinforcementalsoincludenever,never,never+auxiliarydoandsomesetexpressions,e.g..1shallnever,nevergothereagain.Ineverdidlikeher,youknow.Youwon'tcatchmedoingthatagain.I'llbehangedifI'lldoanysuchthing.2.Questions1)GeneralquestionsGeneralquestions,alsoknownasyes-noquestionsNegativeyes-noquestionsmayappearintwoforms:operator+n’t+subjectandoperator+subject+not.Compare:Haven'tyoufinishedyourworkyet?Haveyounotfinishedyourworkyet?Isn'tsheadoctor?Isshenotadoctor?Innegatively-orientatedquestions,thereusuallyoccurnon-assertivewords.Ifanegativequestioncontainsassertiveforms,itisbiasedtowardspositiveorientation,e.g.Haven'tyouheardfromhimalready?Don'tyoualwaysgotoworkateight?Contractednegativequestionssometimessuggestanemotionofadmiration,e.g.Isn'titabeautifullake?Thisisinessencenotaquestionbutareinforcedpositivestatementthatisusedtoexpressexclamation.2)SpecialquestionsSpecialquestions,alsoknownaswh-questions.Specialquestionscanbereinforcedintwoways.Onewayistoaddevertothewh-word,e.g.:Whoeverbrokethewindow?Theotherwayistousesomeintensifyingexpressionssuchasonearth,thedevil,thehell,thegoodness,intheworld,inheaven'sname,etctoconveyemotionalfeelingsofsurprise,indignation,etc,e.g.:Whatonearthcoulditmean?WherethedevildidIputmypen?3)AlternativequestionsAnalternativequestionisonethatsuggeststwoormorepossibleanswersforthelistenertochoosefrom.Therearetwotypesofalternativequestion.Onetypeisbasedonthestructureofgeneralquestion;theotherisbasedonthatofspecialquestion,e.g.:ShallIgiveyouagin,awhisky,orabeer?Whatisthis,ignorance,ormalice,orboth?4)TagquestionsTherearefourtypesoftagquestion:(1)positivestatement+negativetag(2)negativestatement+positivetag(3)positivestatement+positivetag(4)negativestatement+negativetag.Ofthesefourtypes,thefirsttwoarefarmorefrequentlyused,eg:Thatclockisslow,isn'tit?Thatclockisn'tslow,isit?Tagquestionscanalsotaketheformofimperativesentence+questiontag,whichiscommonlyusedtosoftentheimperativetone,e.g.:Carrythisparcelforme,willyou?Thefollowingareafewpointstobenoticedconcerningtheformationofquestiontags:a)Witheveryone,everybody,someone,somebody,noone,nobody,assubjectinthestatement,thesubjectinthetagisusuallyinformalstyleortheyininformalstyle.Ifthesubjectinthestatementisanon-persona/compoundsuchaseverything,something,anything,nothing,thecorrespondingpronouninthetagcanbethesingularneutralit.b)Withanexistentialsentenceasthethereasformalsubject,statement,thetagstillkeepthereasformalsubject.c)Whenthestatementcontainssuchnegativeorsemi-negativewordsasseldom,hardly,never,rarely,little,few,nowhere,nothing,etc,thetagisusuallyinthepositive.Butthetagisnegativeifthenegativeelementinthestatementisonlyanegativeprefix,e.g.:Hewasunsuccessful,wasn'the?d)WithIamintheStatement,thetagisaren'tI.e)Withindefinitepronounoneassubjectinthestatement,thesubjectinthetagisoneorheinformalstyleoryouininformal.f)WhenthestatementisanSVOconstructionwithathat-clauseasobject,thetagnormallymirrorsthesubjectandoperatorofmainclause,e.g.:Theythinktheyaresuretowinthegame,don'tthey?Shesaysthatyouaretoblame,doesn'tshe?However,whenthemainclauseisIsuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Isuspect,Iimagine,etc,thetagmirrorsthesubjectandoperatorofthethat-clause,e.g.:Isuppose(that)heisserious,isn'the?Here,attentionshouldbepaidtotransferrednegation,e.g.:Idon'tsuppose(that)heisserious,ishe?g)Withtheverbhave(inthesenseof“possession”)asoperatorinthestatement,thetagadmitsofeitherthehave-formorthedo-form,e.g.Youhaveanicehouse,haven't/don'tyou?Butwhenthestatementisinthenegative,thechoiceofverbforminthetagisdeterminedbythatinthestatemen